Hybrid Electric Springs for Grid-Tied Power Control and Storage Reduction in AC Microgrids

Wang, Minghao; Tan, Siew‐Chong; Hui, S. Y. Ron

doi:10.1109/tpel.2018.2854569

Cited by 39 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 25 publications

(26 reference statements)

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“…The availability of the DC voltage source provided by the PV converter can play the same role and also allows the solar power flow via the PV converter. The concept of PV-ES is later generalized to link the ES with a range of renewable energy sources in [35]. 2) Three-phase ES:…”

Section: Back-to-back Electric Spring (Btb Es)mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Electric Spring and Smart Load: Technology, System-Level Impact, and Opportunities

Lee

Liu

Tan

et al. 2021

IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Topics Power Electron.

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Increasing use of renewable energy sources to combat climate change comes with the challenge of power imbalance and instability issues in emerging power grids. To mitigate power fluctuation arising from the intermittent nature of renewables, electric spring has been proposed as a fast demandside management technology. Since its original conceptualization in 2011, many versions and variants of electric springs have emerged and industrial evaluations have begun. This paper provides an update of existing electric spring topologies, their associated control methodologies, and studies from the device level to the power system level. Future trends of electric springs in large-scale infrastructures are also addressed.

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Section: Back-to-back Electric Spring (Btb Es)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A hybrid ES integrated with renewable generation and noncritical load is used in [35] power control and reduction of battery storage capacity in AC microgrids. This achieves an extended operating region for power control compared to the conventional way of using battery storage and ES.…”

Section: Ac Microgridmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electric Spring and Smart Load: Technology, System-Level Impact, and Opportunities

Lee

Liu

Tan

et al. 2021

IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Topics Power Electron.

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“…In 2012, researchers proposed a novel hardware-based demand-side energy management strategy, i.e., the electric spring, trying to tackle the same problem. The invented ESs are able to reduce voltage and frequency fluctuations [10]- [12], improve power quality [12], [13], enhance demand-side energy management of the power grid [14], and diminish energy imbalance in built environments [15]. To date, three versions of ES have been proposed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Impedance-Network-Based Electric Spring

Zhang

et al. 2020

IEEE Access

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An electric spring (ES) can well maintain the balance between supply and demand to compensate for the intermittent nature of small-scale renewable energy resources (RES). Despite its popularity, the second generation of ES (ES-2) is deemed to have a few practical problems. The most conspicuous one is the requirement of accurate dead-time control is in the ES circuit to avoid bridge shoot-through problem, which is necessitated by the series-connection of multiple voltage sources and/or converters to realize a wide voltage range. This however could cause output voltage waveform distortions. In this study, inspired by the Z-source network structure, we propose a novel ES topology with a specifically designed impedance network, i.e., an impedance-network-based (i.e., a network of passive devices such as inductors and capacitors) ES (IN-ES), which intrinsically has a wide voltage range and is immune to the bridge shoot-through issue (i.e., switch tubes on the same bridge arm of the inverter are turned ON/OFF at the same time). Detailed theoretical derivation, simulation and experimentation are conducted in this study, which verify the unique advantageous features of the proposed IN-ES, demonstrating a wide voltage operation range, undistorted waveforms and safe operations. INDEX TERMS Impedance-network-based electric spring, novel ES structure, bridge shoot-through, terminal voltage control. NOMENCLATURE V in DC input voltage of ESs L s Inverter filter inductor C s The penalty function V g Voltage of emulated power grid Z line Line impedance of emulated power grid r line Line resistance of emulated power grid x line Inductive reactance of DC emulated power grid V es Compensation voltage of ESs V nc Voltage across non-critical load V R Resistance voltage of non-critical load V L Reactance voltage of non-critical load Z nc Non-critical load Z c Critical load V c Voltage across critical load I Ls Filtered inductor current of inverter I es Current through non-critical load V C1 Voltage across DC side capacitance V p Voltage across the inverter bridge E Cs Capacitor stores energy I i Equivalent current source current

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“…The effect that the ES operation combined with an energy management strategy exerts on the suppression of the voltage and frequency excursions in microgrids is examined in [19]. In [20], hybrid ESs for grid-tied power control and storage reduction in AC microgrids is discussed. In [21], a method to stabilize a set of multiple ESs is presented, based on the small signal modeling of their behavior.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hierarchical Control with Fast Primary Control for Multiple Single-Phase Electric Springs

et al. 2019

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An electric spring (ES) is a new power compensation device which becomes useful for the large-scale integration of renewable energy sources into the grid. However, when the grid contains two or more ESs connected at different nodes, a voltage drop occurs between the nodes due to the line impedance. Therefore, the voltage of the ES-stabilized nodes cannot be set at the same reference (e.g., 220 V), otherwise one or more ESs break away because of the voltage windup. In this paper, a hierarchical control of multiple ESs tied to a microgrid is proposed to account for the line voltage drop. The primary control relies on the power decoupling control; it is designed for islanded operation of the microgrid, which improves the dynamics of both the voltage and frequency regulation. The secondary control relies on the droop control; it is introduced to coordinate the operation of the ESs by modifying the reference voltage of each ES dynamically. Advantages and disadvantages of the proposed hierarchical control are analyzed together with the explanations of the algorithms developed for its realization. At last, effectiveness of the arranged control system is validated by simulations on the MATLAB/Simulink platform.

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Hybrid Electric Springs for Grid-Tied Power Control and Storage Reduction in AC Microgrids

Cited by 39 publications

References 25 publications

Electric Spring and Smart Load: Technology, System-Level Impact, and Opportunities

Electric Spring and Smart Load: Technology, System-Level Impact, and Opportunities

A Novel Impedance-Network-Based Electric Spring

Hierarchical Control with Fast Primary Control for Multiple Single-Phase Electric Springs

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