Hybrid direct carbon fuel cells and their reaction mechanisms—a review

Deleebeeck, Lisa; Hansen, Kent Kammer

doi:10.1007/s10008-013-2258-1

Cited by 68 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…3(a), as its reduction potential (À1182 mV (vs. O 2 ) at 700 C [40]) most closely match the half-potential of these peaks (~À1100 mV vs. Pt/air, 700e800 C), and these reactive species are found in the molten carbonate phase. Potassium (K), and CO, may be formed through the spontaneously interaction of potassium carbonate with carbon (gasification reaction, Reaction (2)), while potassium oxide (K 2 O) may form through the decomposition of carbonate (Reaction (3)) [1].…”

Section: Cyclic Voltammetrymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We have discussed reactions potentially occurring in the vicinity of the WE in more detail elsewhere [1]. Briefly, there appear to be two prevailing theories on the dominant electrochemical reaction occurring in molten carbon-carbonate slurry DCFCs (co-electrolyte, MCFC-type DCFCs and HDCFCs): the complete oxidation of carbon (4 electron process) [36] and CO oxidation (2 electron process) [31].…”

Section: Reaction Mechanismmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…SOFC-type DCFCs have the advantage of relatively simple infrastructure requirements (solid substrate, air supply to the cathode), but suffer from contact issues between the solid fuel and the electrochemically active surface at the anode. MCFC-type DCFCs have the advantage of enhanced and sustained contact between the solid fuel and molten electrolyte, but suffer from corrosion issues and increased infrastructural constraints (containment of a molten medium, air and CO 2 supply to the cathode) [1]. Hybridization of these two DCFC concepts aims to overcome the shortcomings while maintaining the advantages of each.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hybrid direct carbon fuel cell anode processes investigated using a 3-electrode half-cell setup

Deleebeeck

Arenillas

Menéndez

2015

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

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Cyclic voltammetry (CV) Bituminous coal Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide a b s t r a c t A 3-electrode half-cell setup consisting of a yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte support was employed to investigate the chemical and electrochemical processes occurring in the vicinity of a model hybrid direct carbon fuel cell (HDCFC) anode (Ni-YSZ) in contact with a molten carbon-alkali carbonate slurry. Electrochemical testing, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), with and without the Ni-YSZ layer highlighted the promotional effect of the Ni-YSZ anode layer, and revealed the contributions of Ni/NiO, and potentially K/K 2 O, redox couple(s). Treated anthracite and bituminous coals, as well as carbon black, were tested, revealing similar open circuit potential and activation energies in mixed 96e4 vol% N 2 eCO 2 and 50e50 vol% COeCO 2 environments between 700 and 800 C. Bituminous coal showed the highest activity, likely associated to a high O/C ratio and hydrogen content. Based on acquired data, a reaction scheme was proposed for processes at the working electrode, including the role of bubble formation in the vicinity of the electrochemically active solid/molten medium interface.

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Section: Cyclic Voltammetrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Reaction Mechanismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hybrid direct carbon fuel cell anode processes investigated using a 3-electrode half-cell setup

Deleebeeck

Arenillas

Menéndez

2015

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

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“…Other challenges include fuel processing and fuel quality requirements; understanding the electrochemical reaction kinetics and mechanism for carbon oxidation; corrosion of cell components, particularly where molten salts are used as the fuel carrier; improvement in materials performance, power densities and useful lifetimes; overall systems design; and technology upscaling. Some of these aspects have been reviewed, and we will not try to duplicate them in this paper …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anodes for Carbon‐Fueled Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Zhou

Jiao

et al. 2015

ChemElectroChem

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Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) have been considered as one of the most promising technologies for high‐efficiency electrical energy generation using a variety of fuels, including hydrogen, natural gas, biogas, carbon monoxide, liquid hydrocarbons and solid carbon. Carbon‐fueled SOFCs (CF‐SOFCs) potentially have the highest volume power density because solid carbon has a fuel energy density of 23.95 kWh L−1, which is approximately 10 times higher than that of liquid hydrogen. However, the reactivity and fluid mobility of carbon is significantly lower than those of gaseous fuels; thus, CF‐SOFCs will be kinetically limited at the anode. Herein, we review the development of anodes in CF‐SOFCs from the perspective of material compositions and microstructures. Challenges and research trends based on the fundamental understanding of the materials science and engineering for anode development in CF‐SOFCs are discussed.

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“…Direct conversion of coal to electricity offers significant increase in efficiency with consequent reductions in CO 2 emissions [1]. A hybrid direct carbon fuel cell (HDCFC) combines the advantages of a molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) and a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) and uses a hybrid-state (molten-solid) design, in order to increase the overall performance of the cell [2]. Sealing materials play a crucial role in the performance and long-term durability of a DCFC stack, as they minimize gas leakage and ensure the thermomechanical stability and the fuel purity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wetting and interactions of Ag–Cu–Ti and Ag–Cu–Ni alloys with ceramic and steel substrates for use as sealing materials in a DCFC stack

Triantafyllou

Irvine

2015

J Mater Sci

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Ag and Ag-based pseudo-alloys were evaluated in terms of application as metal brazes for the use in a hybrid direct carbon fuel cell stack. This paper reports on a series of wetting experiments on systems of pure Ag as well as Ag-Cu-Ti and Ag-Cu-Ni pseudo-alloys in contact with the widely used austenitic stainless steel SS316L, the ferritic steels Crofer22APU and Croffer22H and with polycrystalline partially stabilized zirconia (TZ-3Y) for the determination of the interfacial properties of the above systems. Pure Ag in air showed poor wettability (h [ 90°) with all substrates. The Ag-Cu-Ti pseudo-alloy in vacuum (P = 2.5 9 10 -3 mbar) showed improved wettability, with h & 40°for the steels and h & 50°for the TZ-3Y substrates. The Ag-Cu-Ni pseudo-alloy in air showed excellent wetting properties (h \ 10°) with all the substrates, but its high liquidus temperature makes it unsuitable for use with the SS316L steel. In low vacuum (P = 1.5 9 10 -1 mbar), the contact angle was increased (h & 65°) but the low oxygen concentration limits the oxidation of the steel surface. Selected systems of the pseudo-alloys in contact with steel and TZ-3Y substrates were treated for 120 h in the operating conditions of a hybrid direct carbon fuel cell, in order to evaluate the thermal stability of the joints. Despite the reactions taking place on the interface, the joints showed good stability and no separation of the two phases occurred.

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Hybrid direct carbon fuel cells and their reaction mechanisms—a review

Cited by 68 publications

References 72 publications

Hybrid direct carbon fuel cell anode processes investigated using a 3-electrode half-cell setup

Hybrid direct carbon fuel cell anode processes investigated using a 3-electrode half-cell setup

Anodes for Carbon‐Fueled Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Wetting and interactions of Ag–Cu–Ti and Ag–Cu–Ni alloys with ceramic and steel substrates for use as sealing materials in a DCFC stack

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