Hybrid CPFSK/OQPSK modulation transmission techniques’ performance efficiency with RZ line coding–based fiber systems in passive optical networks

Abstract

<p><span>This study shows hybrid continuous-phase frequency shift keying (CPFSK)/optical quadrature-phase shift keying (OQPSK) modulation transmission techniques’ performance efficiency with return-to-zero (RZ) line coding scheme–based fiber systems in passive optical networks. Max. Q factor/min. bit error rate variations versus modulation frequency and fiber length are studied in detail for various bits/symbol, based on hybrid proposed modulation transmission techniques. Also, optical power and received electrical power variations are simulated with fiber-length variations at a specified modulation frequency of 300 GHz. Max. Q Factor, min. BER, max. signal power, and min. noise power variations are based on hybrid modulation techniques for CPFSK/OQPSK of 32 bits/symbol and a modulation frequency of 500 GHz through a fiber length of 30 km.</span></p>

Monitoring system of photovoltaic panels using 433 MHz radio frequency module

“…To transmit the main parameters of the photovoltaic panel such as power and energy as well as current and voltage to the terminal of the solar panel we used a 433 MHz radiofrequency module whose hardware description is as follows; the transmitter and receiver are unidirectional wireless (RF); the operating current of the transmitter is 9 mA to 40 mA, the operating frequency is equal to 433 MHz; and the transmission distance is in the order of 3 meters (without antenna) to 40 meters (practical), the modulation technique is amplitude shift keying (ASK) amplitude modulation [24]. Finally, the data transmission speed is equal to 10 Kbps, see Figure 1.…”

High sensitivity sapphire FBG temperature sensors for the signal processing of data communications technology

“…Sapphire FBG is used as a temperature sensors up to 1600 0 C [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29]. The Bragg wavelength with the grating period and effective fiber index is [7,[30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49] Temperature and strain induced Bragg wavelength shifted shown as [15,[34][35][36][37][38]:…”