Hybrid-conventional finite element for gradient-dependent plasticity

A finite element formulation of gradient-based plasticity for porous media with C1 interpolation of internal variables

“…Pioneer contributions in FE technology related to gradient formulations in non-porous media are [11,12] who proposed C 1 continuity elements to approximate the non-local strain gradient fields, and [13], who proposed a four node FE with one integration point for large strain and strain gradients. FE formulations with C 0 continuity based approximation fields for gradient constitutive models of non-porous media were proposed in [14][15][16][17][18]. The proposal by De Borst and Pamin [14] considers penalty functions to avoid additional iterations in the solution procedure for the non-local gradient strain fields.…”