Hybrid Carbon Film Electrodes for Electroanalysis

Abstract

Carbon materials have been widely used for electrochemical analysis including carbon nanotubes, graphene, and boron-doped diamond electrodes in addition to conventional carbon electrodes such as those made of glassy carbon and graphite. Of the carbon-based electrodes, carbon film has advantages because it can be fabricated reproducibly and micro-or nanofabricated into electrodes with a wide range of shapes and sizes. Here, we report two categories of hybrid-type carbon film electrodes for mainly electroanalytical applications. The first category consists of carbon films doped or surface terminated with other atoms such as nitrogen, oxygen and fluorine, which can control surface hydrophilicity and lipophilicity or electrocatalytic performance, and that are used to detect various electroactive biochemicals. The second category comprises metal nanoparticle embedded in carbon film electrodes fabricated by co-sputtering, which exhibits high electrocatalytic activity for environmental and biological samples including toxic heavy metal ions and clinical sugar markers, which are difficult to detect at pure carbon-based electrodes.

Sputter Deposited Nanocarbon Film Electrodes for Electrochemical Analysis of Biomolecules

“…28 A "E decrease in redox species such as Fe(CN) 6 3¹/4¹ and an overpotential decrease in ORR were observed at nitrogendoped carbon film electrodes. 19,31 We applied doped or surface terminated carbon film for the direct electrochemical detection of biomolecules. Table 1 shows examples of such carbon film electrode for detecting small molecules and ions.…”

“…In this paper, we focus on an analysis of biomolecules using nanocarbon film electrodes, 18 which have advantages such as the ability to detect small biomolecules, the suppression of fouling with biomolecules, application to DNA analysis and biosensors, and the electrocatalytic detection of sugars by modifying the carbon film surfaces with metal nanoparticles. 19…”

Recent progress regarding electrochemical sensors for the detection of typical pollutants in water environments

“…Carbon electrodes have the advantages of good conductivity, low cost, small background current, wide potential windows, and ease of modification. 19 Therefore, electrodes made of carbon (nano-) materials s have become widely used by researchers to detect various pollutants. However, bare solid electrodes still have several obvious disadvantages.…”

Electrochemical Molecular Conversion of α-Keto Acid to Amino Acid at a Low Overpotential Using a Nanoporous Gold Catalyst

“…Therefore, in addition to the nature of the electrode materials, its surface structure is a key factor that determines the catalytic activity. Owing to the growth of nanotechnological methods, electrodes composed of nanomaterials and the nanostructurization of electrode surfaces have been developed [5][6][7]. Now, it is well-recognized that the nanoarchitecture of electrodes significantly enhances the electrocatalytic activity, and one of the reasons is the abundant low-coordinated surface atoms at the steps/kinks [8][9][10].…”