Hyaluronic acid production enhancement via genetically modification and culture medium optimization in Lactobacillus acidophilus

Applications of Hyaluronic Acid in Ophthalmology and Contact Lenses

“…Despite its already numerous applications in various fields, it is necessary to properly inspect and confirm HA’s physical properties, such as its structure type, molecular weight, and concentration, to determine its ideal use. HA extracted from animals and microorganisms alike requires multiple purification steps [ 14 , 43 , 44 , 45 ]. The identification and quantification of purified HA requires various pretreatments to prepare HA for further analysis, including enzymatic degradation [ 18 , 46 , 47 ], acid hydrolysis [ 48 ], labeling [ 48 ], acid digestion [ 49 ], and derivatization [ 46 , 48 ].…”

“…After pretreatment, the HA can be detected through traditional electrophoresis of a membrane [ 50 ] or gel [ 18 , 44 , 47 ] matrix. Compared with membrane or gel electrophoresis, advanced capillary electrophoresis is simple, rapid, and sensitive, with high separation efficiency [ 51 , 52 , 53 ].…”

“…Agarose gel electrophoresis [ 44 ], HPLC with a refractive index detector [ 13 , 14 , 43 ], or a multi-angle light scattering detector [ 15 , 47 , 51 ] can be applied to identify the molecular weight of HA after extraction from animals, microbial production, or degradation. To reconfirm HA’s molecular weight, HPLC with a viscometer detector and multi-angle light scattering detector can used to detect changes in HA’s viscosity and molecular radius [ 14 ].…”

“…HA quantitation can be performed through a carbazole method [ 44 , 56 ], enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ 50 ], capillary electrophoresis [ 51 , 52 , 53 ], or HPLC, coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry [ 48 ], fluorescence [ 46 ], mass spectrometric detector [ 49 , 54 ], or an ultraviolet–visible detector [ 55 ], to determine the quantification and detection limit [ 46 , 48 , 49 , 54 , 55 ]. The detection limit of capillary electrophoresis is 1-15 ppm [ 51 , 52 , 53 ].…”

Hyaluronic Acid-Decorated Laponite® Nanocomposites for Targeted Anticancer Drug Delivery

“…After the modification of HA, there were three kinds of prominent peaks at 1692 cm −1 , 2895 cm −1 and 1152 cm −1 . They were assigned to the C=O stretching vibration of the carboxyl group and the amide I band, the symmetric stretching vibration of C-H, and the C-O stretching of the proteoglycan sugar ring of HA, respectively [40]. Hence, the FT-IR result confirmed the successful conjugation of the targeting agent HA on LAP.…”