Hyaluronic acid-alendronate conjugate: A macromolecular drug delivery system for intra-articular treatment of osteoarthritis

A multifunctional nanoaggregate‐based system for detection of rheumatoid arthritis via Optoacoustic/NIR‐II fluorescent imaging and therapy via inhibiting JAK‐STAT/NF‐κB/NLRP3 pathways

“…The experimental process, which included RA therapy, imaging, and outcome tracking, is presented in Figure 6A. As for the mice of the CIA model, four rounds of treatment were performed (for treatment with TPC-U@HAT: intravenous injection of TPC-U@HAT 13.68 mg⋅kg −1 at day 34,38,42,46, equivalent to 1 mg⋅kg −1 of CAPE and 1.6 mg⋅kg −1 of upadacitinib), and at 4 h after the nanosystem TPC-U@HAT was i.v. injected (equivalent to the dosage of 2.5 mg⋅kg −1 TPC), both the NIR-II fluorescent imaging and 3D MSOT imaging were conducted.…”

“…Several polymers, which are responsive to hyaluronidase (HAase), have been investigated as drug delivery systems to release therapeutic drugs for RA treatment upon being triggered by HAase in the inflamed joints. [41][42][43][44][45] However, a single-stimulus trigger may cause nonspecific leakage of the drug. In contrast, dual-stimuli response, triggered by in-situ hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and hyaluronidase (HAase), could provide double insurance for on-demand drug release at the RA lesion site.…”