Hyaluronic Acid: A Key Ingredient in the Therapy of Inflammation

Marinho, Andreia; Nunes, Cláudia; Reis, Salette

doi:10.3390/biom11101518

Cited by 161 publications

(122 citation statements)

References 171 publications

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“…The relationship between HA MW and its inflammatory activity has been well documented in the literature, particularly in osteoarthritis models. The sequestration of multiple CD44 receptors via NHA and HMWHA-mediated divalent bonding suppresses both the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines and the formation of proteoglycans [ 97 ].…”

Section: Hyaluronic Acid: “Nature’s Sponge”mentioning

confidence: 99%

Hyaluronic Acid: Its Versatile Use in Ocular Drug Delivery with a Specific Focus on Hyaluronic Acid-Based Polyelectrolyte Complexes

et al. 2022

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Extensive research is currently being conducted into novel ocular drug delivery systems (ODDS) that are capable of surpassing the limitations associated with conventional intraocular anterior and posterior segment treatments. Nanoformulations, including those synthesised from the natural, hydrophilic glycosaminoglycan, hyaluronic acid (HA), have gained significant traction due to their enhanced intraocular permeation, longer retention times, high physiological stability, inherent biocompatibility, and biodegradability. However, conventional nanoformulation preparation methods often require large volumes of organic solvent, chemical cross-linkers, and surfactants, which can pose significant toxicity risks. We present a comprehensive, critical review of the use of HA in the field of ophthalmology and ocular drug delivery, with a discussion of the physicochemical and biological properties of HA that render it a suitable excipient for drug delivery to both the anterior and posterior segments of the eye. The pivotal focus of this review is a discussion of the formation of HA-based nanoparticles via polyelectrolyte complexation, a mild method of preparation driven primarily by electrostatic interaction between opposing polyelectrolytes. To the best of our knowledge, despite the growing number of publications centred around the development of HA-based polyelectrolyte complexes (HA-PECs) for ocular drug delivery, no review articles have been published in this area. This review aims to bridge the identified gap in the literature by (1) reviewing recent advances in the area of HA-PECs for anterior and posterior ODD, (2) describing the mechanism and thermodynamics of polyelectrolyte complexation, and (3) critically evaluating the intrinsic and extrinsic formulation parameters that must be considered when designing HA-PECs for ocular application.

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Section: Hyaluronic Acid: “Nature’s Sponge”mentioning

confidence: 99%

Hyaluronic Acid: Its Versatile Use in Ocular Drug Delivery with a Specific Focus on Hyaluronic Acid-Based Polyelectrolyte Complexes

et al. 2022

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“…During the last decades, hyaluronic acid (HA) has attracted great attention as a new treatment option for knee OA pain [ 7 , 8 , 9 ]. HA is a natural polymer belonging to the glycosaminoglycan heteropolysaccharides family (GAGs), but unlike these molecules, it is not sulfated and it is not synthesized by Golgi enzymes [ 10 ]. In addition, the native form appears as a very long polymer, called high-molecular weight HA (HMWHA) [ 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…HA is a natural polymer belonging to the glycosaminoglycan heteropolysaccharides family (GAGs), but unlike these molecules, it is not sulfated and it is not synthesized by Golgi enzymes [ 10 ]. In addition, the native form appears as a very long polymer, called high-molecular weight HA (HMWHA) [ 10 ]. Therefore, the native HA consists of 2000–25,000 disaccharide units, corresponding to 10 6 –10 7 Da molecular weight; for that, a long chain contains more than 10,000 units, which is ~4000 kDa [ 9 , 11 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is this interaction that facilitates the exact delivery of drugs, facilitating their internalization in target sites. The safety, tolerability, and efficacy of HA-based formulations for the treatment of various types of joint diseases have been validated in several studies [ 10 , 15 ]. It is widely accepted that exogenous hyaluronic acid is incorporated into articular cartilage where it may have a direct biological effect on chondrocytes to improve joint lubrication as well described by clinical studies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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New Hyaluronic Acid from Plant Origin to Improve Joint Protection—An In Vitro Study

Galla

Ruga

Aprile

et al. 2022

IJMS

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Background: In recent decades, hyaluronic acid (HA) has attracted great attention as a new treatment option for osteoarthritis. Classical therapies are not able to stop the cartilage degeneration process nor do they favor tissue repair. Nowadays, it is accepted that high molecular weight HA can reduce inflammation by promoting tissue regeneration; therefore, the aim of this study was to verify the efficacy of a new high molecular weight HA of plant origin (called GreenIuronic®) in maintaining joint homeostasis and preventing the harmful processes of osteoarthritis. Methods: The bioavailability of GreenIuronic® was investigated in a 3D intestinal barrier model that mimics human oral intake while excluding damage to the intestinal barrier. Furthermore, the chemical significance and biological properties of GreenIuronic® were investigated in conditions that simulate osteoarthritis. Results: Our data demonstrated that GreenIuronic® crosses the intestinal barrier without side effects as it has a chemical–biological profile, which could be responsible for many specific chondrocyte functions. Furthermore, in the osteoarthritis model, GreenIuronic® can modulate the molecular mechanism responsible for preventing and restoring the degradation of cartilage. Conclusion: According to our results, this new form of HA appears to be well absorbed and distributed to chondrocytes, preserving their biological activities. Therefore, the oral administration of GreenIuronic® in humans can be considered a valid strategy to obtain beneficial therapeutic effects during osteoarthritis.

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“…Another polymer of great interest for biomedical applications is hyaluronic acid [35]. This is a polysaccharide that constitutes an extracellular matrix in various parts of the human body, such as the joints, eyes, and skin [36,37]. In addition to its chemical and structural properties, its biocompatibility makes it a valuable capping, dispersing and templating agent for different biomedical applications [38].…”

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confidence: 99%