Hyaluronate–Black Phosphorus–Upconversion Nanoparticle Complex for Non-invasive Theranosis of Skin Cancer

Abstract

Despite the wide investigation on black phosphorus (BP) for biophotonic applications, the finite depth of light penetration has limited further development of BP-based photomedicines. Here, we developed a hyaluronate−BP−upconversion nanoparticle (HA−BP−UCNP) complex for near-infrared (NIR) light-mediated multimodal theranosis of skin cancer with photoacoustic (PA) bioimaging, photodynamic therapy (PDT), and photothermal therapy (PTT). In contrast to the conventional BPbased skin cancer theranosis, the HA−BP−UCNP complex could be non-invasively delivered into the tumor tissue to induce the cancer cell apoptosis upon NIR light irradiation. The PA imaging of BP successfully visualized the non-invasive transdermal delivery of the HA−BP−UCNP complex into the mice skin. HA in the complex facilitated the transdermal delivery of BP into the tumor tissue under the skin. Upon 980 nm NIR light irradiation, the UCNP converted the light to UV−blue light to generate reactive oxygen species by sensitizing BP in the HA−BP−UCNP complex for PDT. Remarkably, 808 nm NIR irradiation with PTT triggered the apoptosis of tumor cells. Taken together, we could confirm the feasibility of the HA−BP−UCNP complex for NIR light-mediated multimodal theranosis of skin cancers.

Recent advances in photothermal therapy-based multifunctional nanoplatforms for breast cancer

“…In particular, PDT can avoid systemic toxicity with fewer side effects than chemotherapy due to its high spatiotemporal selectivity ( Li et al, 2018 ; Zhang et al, 2019 ; Nguyen et al, 2022 ). To achieve synergistic therapeutic effects with different mechanisms for eliminating breast cancer, combination therapies involving both PDT and PTT have been developed ( Su et al, 2015 ; Lee et al, 2022 ; Xu et al, 2022 ).…”

Nanostructured Biopolymers for Biomedical Applications: A Review

“…[17] Hyaluronate Biomedical and pharmaceutical field. [18] Carboxymethyl cellulose(CMC) Biomedical applications including drug delivery, pharmaceutical and tissue engineering. [19] Polyamides (γ-PGA)…”

“…2) [29]. Among numerous, starch, cellulose, chitosan, and agar that are derived from carbohydrate as well as gelatin, gluten, alginate, whey protein, and collagen which can be derived from protein [18][19][20][21][22]. Nowadays, the advent of technology has carried to formation of synthetic biopolymers which encompass polylactic acid (PLA), polycaprolactone (PCL), polyglycolic acid (PGA), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and polybutylene succinate PBS [30].…”

“…These are considering as environmental friendly, abundant in nature and cost-effective materials. The combination and polymerization with bio-based materials including cellulose, starch, chitosan, and alginate to hybridized of bio-polymer composites are essential for improvement of surface properties of materials and subsequently bio-polymer materials could be used afar of the customary applications of scientific fields including biomedical applications [3,18,22].…”

“…Among other essential acts, the cellulose and their derivatives can prevent the outside tissue of wound, killing the pain, release the damaged tissue, preserve appropriate wetness, inhibit as well as resistor biofilms from microbes and purify the wounded tissues [50]. Moreover, bacterial cellulose (BC) also reported as biopolymer for dressing the wounded tissue due to their cleanliness and excellent retention capability of water [18].…”