HVAC Energy Saving Strategies for Public Buildings Based on Heat Pumps and Demand Controlled Ventilation

Abstract

The paper analyzes and compares the perspectives for reducing the energy consumption associated to the operation of Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning system for climatic control of large-size non-residential buildings. Three different control strategies are considered comparing the use of boiler and heat pumps as heating systems and analyzing the use of demand-controlled ventilation, operating on the effective occupancy of the building. The control strategies are applied to two different educational buildings with shapes representative of typical educational structures. The results of the analysis show how the energy consumption can be reduced up to 70%, shifting from the actual values of the energy intensity of over 300 kWh/m2 for year to values of less than 100 kWh/m2 per year. The significance of the energy savings achieved in such different buildings has led to the identification of a possible benchmark for HVAC systems in the next future years which could help reach the environmental targets in this sector.

Water- and Energy-Efficient Appliances for Circular Water Economy: Conceptual Framework Development and Analysis of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Water Consumption

“…The baseline and high-efficiency gas furnaces annually produced 4040 and 3402 kgCO 2 e of net heating emissions, respectively, and these values did not change when the emission factors varied (Figure ). When electric furnaces were used, home heating can be supplemented using a heat pump system to improve the efficiency of heat generated with electricity . The efficiency of a heat pump system was measured by the heating seasonal performance factor (HSPF) that represented the system’s heat input capacity per unit electricity (Btu/W-h).…”

“…When electric furnaces were used, home heating can be supplemented using a heat pump system to improve the efficiency of heat generated with electricity. 83 The efficiency of a heat pump system was measured by the heating seasonal performance factor (HSPF) that represented the system's heat input capacity per unit electricity (Btu/W-h). Typical HSPF values for air source heat pumps in the CCMS database ranged from 8 to 12 Btu/W-h 84 kgCO 2 e at 0.428 kgCO 2 e/kWh, which was the U.S. national average for the baseline electric scenario (Figure 1).…”

Distribution-Level Flexibility Markets—A Review of Trends, Research Projects, Key Stakeholders and Open Questions

“…Another good example is cogeneration-CHPs which are currently producing around 11% of electricity and 15% of heat in Europe [43]. Moreover, combined cycle gas turbines (CCGT) [44], power to gas (P2G) equipment [45], heat pumps [46] and heating, ventilation and air-condition systems (HVACs) [47] are all good examples of increasing energy efficiency and flexibility by combining different energy elements. As the third possibility of creating stable and secure power system under the high RES penetration is the connecting different regions and market coupling.…”

Effect of HVAC’s Management on Indoor Thermo-Hygrometric Comfort and Energy Balance: In Situ Assessments on a Real nZEB

“…Data analytics applied to an office building have found that an alternative HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning system) schedule that can reduce energy consumption by, on average, 2.7% [21]. A new controller based on occupancy prediction makes energy savings up to 75% possible [22]. Traylor et al [23], by means of EnergyPlus simulations, have found that savings up to 5-15% could be achieved by modulating indoor temperatures in cooling applications.…”