Humoral Response to BNT162b2 Vaccine Against SARS-CoV-2 Variants Decays After Six Months

Lopera, Tulio J; Chvatal-Medina, Mateo; Flórez-Álvarez, Lizdany; Zapata-Cardona, María I.; Taborda, Natalia A.; Rugeles, Marı́a Teresa; Hernández, Juan Carlos

doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.879036

Cited by 16 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…It has demonstrated 65% and 90% vaccine efficacy against infection and severe disease respectively (1). However, along with many others (2)(3)(4), we have reported waning of antibody response at six months post BNT162b2 primary vaccination (5). This is of concern as many new SARS-CoV-2 variants, such as the Delta and Omicron variants, have emerged with multiple mutations that may increase disease severity, transmissibility, and immune evasion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 73%

Waning of specific antibodies against Delta and Omicron variants five months after a third dose of BNT162b2 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in elderly individuals

Goh¹,

Rouers²,

Fong³

et al. 2022

Front. Immunol.

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The emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants, such as the more transmissible Delta and Omicron variants, has raised concerns on efficacy of the COVID-19 vaccines. Here, we examined the waning of antibody responses against different variants following primary and booster vaccination. We found that antibody responses against variants were low following primary vaccination. The antibody response against Omicron was almost non-existent. Efficient boosting of antibody response against all variants, including Omicron, was observed following a third dose. The antibody response against the variants tested was significantly higher at one month following booster vaccination, compared with two months following primary vaccination, for all individuals, including the low antibody responders identified at two months following primary vaccination. The antibody response, for all variants tested, was significantly higher at four months post booster than at five months post primary vaccination, and the proportion of low responders remained low (6-11%). However, there was significant waning of antibody response in more than 95% of individuals at four months, compared to one month following booster. We also observed a robust memory B cell response following booster, which remained higher at four months post booster than prior to booster. However, the memory B cell responses were on the decline for 50% of individuals at four months following booster. Similarly, while the T cell response is sustained, at cohort level, at four months post booster, a substantial proportion of individuals (18.8 – 53.8%) exhibited T cell response at four months post booster that has waned to levels below their corresponding levels before booster. The findings show an efficient induction of immune response against SARS-CoV-2 variants following booster vaccination. However, the induced immunity by the third BNT162b2 vaccine dose was transient. The findings suggest that elderly individuals may require a fourth dose to provide protection against SARS-CoV-2.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 73%

Waning of specific antibodies against Delta and Omicron variants five months after a third dose of BNT162b2 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in elderly individuals

Goh¹,

Rouers²,

Fong³

et al. 2022

Front. Immunol.

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“…Lower Nab titers coupled with diminished neutralization potential against variants of concern (VOCs) (18)(19)(20) have led to administration of 3doses or boosters (21)(22)(23)(24) leading to better antibody titers against VOCs. Boosters with heterologous vaccines have been tried with promising results (25-27) and may be a better strategy.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunogenicity of two COVID-19 vaccines used in India: An observational cohort study in health care workers from a tertiary care hospital

et al. 2022

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COVID-19 pandemic witnessed rapid development and use of several vaccines. In India, a country-wide immunization was initiated in January 2021. COVISHIELD, the chimpanzee adenoviral-vectored vaccine with full-length SARS-COV-2 spike insert and COVAXIN, the whole virus-inactivated vaccines were used. To assess and compare immune response of health-care-workers to COVISHIELD (n=187) and COVAXIN (n=21), blood samples were collected pre-vaccination, 1month post-1/post-2 doses and 6months post-dose-2 and tested for IgG-anti-SARS-CoV-2 (ELISA) and neutralizing (Nab,PRNT50) antibodies. Spike-protein-specific T cells were quantitated by IFN-γ-ELISPOT. In pre-vaccination-antibody-negative COVISHIELD recipients (pre-negatives, n=120), %Nab seroconversion (median, IQR Nab titers) increased from 55.1% (16, 2.5-36.3) post-dose-1 to 95.6% (64.5, 4.5-154.2, p<0.001) post-dose-2 that were independent of age/gender/BMI. Nab response was higher among pre-positives with hybrid immunity at all-time points (p<0.01-0.0001) and independent of age/gender/BMI/Comorbidities. Post-dose-2-seroconversion (50%, p<0.001) and Nab titers (6.75, 2.5-24.8, p<0.001) in COVAXIN-recipients were lower than COVISHIELD. COVAXIN elicited a superior IFN-γ-T cell response as measured by ELISPOT (100%; 1226, 811-1532 spot forming units, SFU/million PBMCs v/s 57.8%; 21.7,1.6-169.2; p<0.001). At 6months, 28.3% (15/53) COVISHIELD and 3/3COVAXIN recipients were Nab-negative. T cell response remained unchanged. During immunization, COVID-19 cases were detected among COVISHIELD (n=4) and COVAXIN (n=2) recipients. At 6months, 9cases were recorded in COVISHIELD-recipients. This first-time, systematic, real-world assessment and long-term follow up revealed generation of higher neutralizing antibody titers by COVISHIELD and stronger T-cell response by COVAXIN. Diminished Nab titers at 6months emphasize early booster. Immunogenicity/efficacy of vaccines will change with the progression of the pandemic needing careful evaluations in the field-settings.

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“…While it is clear that live SARS-CoV-2 infection induces mucosal IgA responses, these along with systemic responses tend to decline after a few months ( 17 – 23 , 39 , 96 ). However, as noted above, prior infection primes the immune system for the recall of responses upon systemic vaccination, including the generation of mucosal IgA antibodies.…”

Section: Are Mucosal Vaccines the Answer? Of Mice And Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mucosal immunity: The missing link in comprehending SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission

Russell

Městecký

2022

Front. Immunol.

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SARS-CoV-2 is primarily an airborne infection of the upper respiratory tract, which on reaching the lungs causes the severe acute respiratory disease, COVID-19. Its first contact with the immune system, likely through the nasal passages and Waldeyer’s ring of tonsils and adenoids, induces mucosal immune responses revealed by the production of secretory IgA (SIgA) antibodies in saliva, nasal fluid, tears, and other secretions within 4 days of infection. Evidence is accumulating that these responses might limit the virus to the upper respiratory tract resulting in asymptomatic infection or only mild disease. The injectable systemic vaccines that have been successfully developed to prevent serious disease and its consequences do not induce antibodies in mucosal secretions of naïve subjects, but they may recall SIgA antibody responses in secretions of previously infected subjects, thereby helping to explain enhanced resistance to repeated (breakthrough) infection. While many intranasally administered COVID vaccines have been found to induce potentially protective immune responses in experimental animals such as mice, few have demonstrated similar success in humans. Intranasal vaccines should have advantage over injectable vaccines in inducing SIgA antibodies in upper respiratory and oral secretions that would not only prevent initial acquisition of the virus, but also suppress community spread via aerosols and droplets generated from these secretions.

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Humoral Response to BNT162b2 Vaccine Against SARS-CoV-2 Variants Decays After Six Months

Cited by 16 publications

References 33 publications

Waning of specific antibodies against Delta and Omicron variants five months after a third dose of BNT162b2 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in elderly individuals

Waning of specific antibodies against Delta and Omicron variants five months after a third dose of BNT162b2 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in elderly individuals

Immunogenicity of two COVID-19 vaccines used in India: An observational cohort study in health care workers from a tertiary care hospital

Mucosal immunity: The missing link in comprehending SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission

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