Humoral and Cellular Response and Associated Variables Nine Months following BNT162b2 Vaccination in Healthcare Workers

Syrimi, Natalia; Sourri, Flora; Giannakopoulou, Maria-Christina; Karamanis, Dimitrios; Pantousas, Asterios; Georgota, Persefoni; Rokka, Eleni; Vladeni, Zoe; Tsiantoula, Euaggelia; Soukara, Evangelia; Lavda, Nikoletta; Gkaragkanis, Dimitrios; Zisaki, Aikaterini; Vakalidis, Panagiotis; Goula, V.; Loupou, Evdokia; Palaiodimos, Leonidas; Hatzigeorgiou, Dimitrios

doi:10.3390/jcm12093172

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 102 publications

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“…Spike‐specific IgG were significantly increased at all timepoints when compared with T0. Consistent with existing data in the field, 29–31 Spike specific IgG were significantly decreased at T3 compared with T2, thus confirming the finding of reduced humoral immunity months after vaccination (Figure ). Neutralizing antibodies (NAb) activity was undetectable in all subjects at baseline (inhibition <20%).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 90%

Long‐term dynamics of natural killer cells in response to SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccination: Persistently enhanced activity postvaccination

Mele,

Ottolini,

Lombardi

et al. 2024

Journal of Medical Virology

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Natural Killer (NK) cells play a significant role in the early defense against virus infections and cancer. Recent studies have demonstrated the involvement of NK cells in both the induction and effector phases of vaccine‐induced immunity in various contexts. However, their role in shaping immune responses following SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccination remains poorly understood. To address this matter, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of NK cell phenotype and function in SARS‐CoV‐2 unexposed individuals who received the BNT162b2 vaccine. We employed a longitudinal study design and utilized a panel of 53 15‐mer overlapping peptides covering the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the SARS‐CoV‐2 Spike protein to assess NK cell function at 0 and 20 days following the first vaccine, and 30 and 240 days following booster. Additionally, we evaluated the levels of total IgG anti‐Spike antibodies and their potential neutralizing ability. Our findings revealed an increased NK cell activity upon re‐exposure to RBD when combined with IL12 and IL18 several months after booster. Concurrently, we observed that the frequencies of NKG2A + NK cells declined over the course of the follow‐up period, while NKG2C increased only in CMV positive subjects. The finding that NK cell functions are inducible 9 months after vaccination upon re‐exposure to RBD and cytokines, sheds light on the role of NK cells in contributing to SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccine‐induced immune protection and pave the way to further studies in the field.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 90%

Long‐term dynamics of natural killer cells in response to SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccination: Persistently enhanced activity postvaccination

Mele,

Ottolini,

Lombardi

et al. 2024

Journal of Medical Virology

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Cellular Immunity of SARS-CoV-2 in the Borriana COVID-19 Cohort: A Nested Case–Control Study

Domènech-Montoliu,

Puig-Barberà,

Pac-Sa

et al. 2024

Epidemiologia

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Our goal was to determine the cellular immune response (CIR) in a sample of the Borriana COVID-19 cohort (Spain) to identify associated factors and their relationship with infection, reinfection and sequelae. We conducted a nested case–control study using a randomly selected sample of 225 individuals aged 18 and older, including 36 individuals naïve to the SARS-CoV-2 infection and 189 infected patients. We employed flow-cytometry–based immunoassays for intracellular cytokine staining, using Wuhan and BA.2 antigens, and chemiluminescence microparticle immunoassay to detect SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Logistic regression models were applied. A total of 215 (95.6%) participants exhibited T-cell response (TCR) to at least one antigen. Positive responses of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were 89.8% and 85.3%, respectively. No difference in CIR was found between naïve and infected patients. Patients who experienced sequelae exhibited a higher CIR than those without. A positive correlation was observed between TCR and anti-spike IgG levels. Factors positively associated with the TCR included blood group A, number of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine doses received, and anti-N IgM; factors inversely related were the time elapsed since the last vaccine dose or infection, and blood group B. These findings contribute valuable insights into the nuanced immune landscape shaped by SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination.

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Prolonged SARS-CoV-2 T Cell Responses in a Vaccinated COVID-19-Naive Population

Pitiriga,

Papamentzelopoulou,

Konstantinakou

et al. 2024

Vaccines

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Introduction: Exploring T cell response duration is pivotal for understanding immune protection evolution in natural SARS-CoV-2 infections. The objective of the present study was to analyze the T cell immune response over time in individuals who were both vaccinated and COVID-19-naive and had undetectable levels of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies at the time of testing. Methods: We performed a retrospective descriptive analysis using data extracted from the electronic medical records of consecutive adult individuals who underwent COVID-19 immunity screening at a private healthcare center from September 2021 to September 2022. The study participants were divided into three groups according to the post-vaccination time period, as follows: group A (up to 3 months), group B (3–6 months), and group C (>6 months). T cell response was evaluated using the IGRA methodology T-SPOT®.COVID. Results: Of the total number of subjects (n = 165), 60/165 (36.4%) had been vaccinated in the last 3 months (group A), 57/165 (34.5%) between 3 and 6 months (group B), and 48/165 (29.1%) at least 6 months prior to the examination day (group C). T cell positivity was reported in 33/60 (55.0%) of group A, 45/57 (78.9%) of group B, and 36/48 (75%) of group C (p < 0.007). No statistically significant differences were revealed in the spot-forming cell (SFC) count among groups, with mean SFC counts of 75.96 for group A, 89.92 for group B, and 83.58 for group C (Kruskal–Wallis test, p = 0.278). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that cellular immunity following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination may endure for at least six months, even in the presence of declining or absent IgG antibody levels.

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Humoral and Cellular Response and Associated Variables Nine Months following BNT162b2 Vaccination in Healthcare Workers

Cited by 3 publications

References 102 publications

Long‐term dynamics of natural killer cells in response to SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccination: Persistently enhanced activity postvaccination

Long‐term dynamics of natural killer cells in response to SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccination: Persistently enhanced activity postvaccination

Cellular Immunity of SARS-CoV-2 in the Borriana COVID-19 Cohort: A Nested Case–Control Study

Prolonged SARS-CoV-2 T Cell Responses in a Vaccinated COVID-19-Naive Population

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