Humoral and Cellular Immunogenicity and Safety of 3 Doses of CoronaVac and BNT162b2 in Young Children and Adolescents with Kidney Diseases

Abstract

NOTE: This preprint reports new research that has not been certified by peer review and should not be used to guide clinical practice. CoronaVac and BNT162b2 in pediatric kidney patients 2 SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Little is known about the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines in children and adolescents with kidney diseases. This paper describes the antibody and T cell responses of 3 doses of CoronaVac or BNT162b2, the top 2 COVID-19 vaccines distributed worldwide, by an accelerated regimen in patients with kidney diseases aged 1-18 years. Antibody and T cell responses were significantly elicited by either vaccine. Neutralization was reduced against Omicron while T cell response was preserved, which likely confer protection against severe COVID-19. Rate of severe adverse reactions was low in the study. Results confirm that accelerated 3-dose primary series with CoronaVac and BNT162b2 is safe and immunogenic in young children and adolescents with kidney diseases.

Safety and effectiveness of vaccines against COVID-19 in children aged 5–11 years: a systematic review and meta-analysis

“… 26 , 27 Studies were primarily done in high-income countries (eg, the USA, Canada, and Israel), and assessed a complete primary schedule of BNT162b2 vaccine (n=46 [90%]). Three (6%) studies only assessed the effect of a single dose of either BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273, 28 , 29 , 30 and nine (18%) studies assessed the effect of a monovalent 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 or bivalent (BNT162b2 bivalent [against original strain or omicron BA.4 or BA.5]) 39 booster vaccination ( appendix 1 pp 26–33 ). Participants' age was in line with the authorised age group (ie, 5–11 years for studies on BNT162b2 or BNT162b2 bivalent and 6–11 years for studies on mRNA-1273; appendix 1 pp 26–33 ).…”

Immunogenicity of coronavirus disease 2019 vaccines in children: A review with ChatGPT

“…Such studies performed particularly in children and adolescents to prevent the spread of SARS‐CoV‐2 or development of post‐COVID‐19 condition are required 17,19,80 . There are minimal data on optimal immunization for those with immunocompromized conditions and comorbidities, which are absolutely necessary for protecting these vulnerable, high‐risk patients 81–84 . As primary vaccination rates have peaked with satisfactory coverage in most geographical regions by this time, newer generations of polyvalent vaccines must be thoroughly investigated in the future, especially in unvaccinated infants who have not been exposed to the virus on which there is currently minimal research 1,49–52,85 .…”

“…17,19,80 There are minimal data on optimal immunization for those with immunocompromized conditions and comorbidities, which are absolutely necessary for protecting these vulnerable, high-risk patients. [81][82][83][84] As primary vaccination rates have peaked with satisfactory coverage in most geographical regions by this time, newer generations of polyvalent vaccines must be thoroughly investigated in the future, especially in unvaccinated infants who have not been exposed to the virus on which there is currently minimal research. 1,[49][50][51][52]85 This will be essential to inform policymakers on their decision to incorporate COVID-19 vaccines in national immunization programs.…”

An update on SARS-CoV-2 immunization and future directions

“…The active ingredient in CoronaVac is an inactivated CZ02 strain (SARS-CoV-2 Virus strain), and aluminum hydroxide is used as an adjuvant to enhance the immune response ( WHO, 2021a ). A phase III trial of the vaccine conducted in Brazil showed 50.7% efficacy against symptomatic infection, while efficacy of 100% was observed in the prevention of severe cases and hospitalization ( Leung et al, 2022 ). In a population of 3- to 5-year-old children, efficacy against symptomatic cases, hospitalization, and severe illness was found to be 38.2%, 64.6%, and 69.0%, respectively ( Florentino et al, 2022 ).…”