Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immune Responses in Healthy Children After One or Two Doses of Varicella Vaccine

Watson, Barbara; Boardman, Chris; Laufer, Dagna; Piercy, Sharon A.; Tustin, Nancy B.; Do, Olaleye; Cnaan, Avital; Starr, Stuart E.

doi:10.1093/clinids/20.2.316

Cited by 74 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…In 2006, both the CDC and ACIP recommended the administration of two doses of varicella vaccine to healthy children [ACIP, 2008;Marin et al 2007]. A second dose of varicella vaccine elicits a robust anamnestic response in individuals partially primed by a single dose, with increases in both humoral and cellular immunity [Nader et al 1995;Ngai et al 1996;Watson et al 1995a]. The implementation of two-dose vaccination has significantly decreased the incidence of breakthrough disease [Marin et al 2007].…”

Section: Varicella Vaccinementioning

confidence: 99%

Successes and challenges in varicella vaccine

Papaloukas

Giannouli

Papaevangelou

2014

Therapeutic Advances in Vaccines

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Varicella is a highly contagious disease caused by primary infection with varicella zoster virus (VZV). VZV infection, as well as varicella vaccination, induces VZV-specific antibody and T-cell-mediated immunity, essential for recovery. The immune responses developed contribute to protection following re-exposure to VZV. When cell-mediated immunity declines, as occurs with aging or immunosuppression, reactivation of VZV leads to herpes zoster (HZ). It has been almost 20 years since universal varicella vaccination has been implemented in many areas around the globe and this has resulted in a significant reduction of varicella-associated disease burden. Successes are reviewed here, whilst emphasis is put on the challenges ahead. Most countries that have not implemented routine childhood varicella vaccination have chosen to vaccinate high-risk groups alone. The main reasons for not introducing universal vaccination are discussed, including fear of age shift of peak incidence age and of HZ incidence increase. Possible reasons for not observing the predicted increase in HZ incidence are explored. The advantages and disadvantages of universal vs targeted vaccination as well as different vaccination schedules are discussed.

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Section: Varicella Vaccinementioning

confidence: 99%

Successes and challenges in varicella vaccine

Papaloukas

Giannouli

Papaevangelou

2014

Therapeutic Advances in Vaccines

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“…Both low- and high-dose VZV vaccines are commercially available for varicella and herpes zoster prevention, respectively. These vaccines efficiently stimulate VZV-specific cell-mediated immunity (Levin et al 2008; Watson et al 1995). The live-attenuated Oka VZV vaccine strain was occasionally found to cause herpes zoster (Loparev et al 2007) suggesting that the vaccine virus is capable of establishing latency.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytotoxicity of glioblastoma cells mediated ex vivo by varicella-zoster virus-specific T cells

et al. 2011

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Clinical or laboratory evidence of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection has been consistently associated with lower glioma risk in case–control studies, suggesting a protective effect of VZV against glioma. We formulated the following explanatory hypotheses: reactivated VZV preferentially infects and kills gliomas compared to normal parenchyma; and VZV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) cross-react with gliomas. We established an ex vivo model of VZV infection, which showed that glioma cell lines and primary astrocytes were equally permissive to VZV infection and had similar 15% average decrease in viability upon infection. In co-cultures, the relative growth of glioma cells and astrocytes was not affected by the VZV infection. However, VZV stimulated, but not mock stimulated, peripheral blood mononuclear cells from VZV-seropositive individuals recognized and killed HLA class I-matched glioma cells (mean±SE decrease in viability of 26±12%, p=0.04), but not matched astrocytes. VZV infection of the glioma cells did not affect the T cell-mediated killing. Taken together, these data suggest that ex vivo VZV infection has similar direct effects on glioma cells and astrocytes. The protective effect of prior VZV infection against the incidence of glioma may be mediated by CTL that recognizes epitopes shared by VZV and glioma cells.

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“…75 Interestingly, this could be overcome by a higher dose of vaccine, 40 or with a second dose of varicella vaccine, which has been shown to boost VZV-specific cell-mediated immune responses in children after vaccination. 71,76 …”

Section: Evidence For Primary Vaccine Failurementioning

confidence: 99%

Primary Versus Secondary Failure After Varicella Vaccination

Bonanni

Gershon²,

Gershon

et al. 2013

Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal

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Background Two-dose varicella vaccination is recommended for optimal control of varicella in populations with high (>90%) 1-dose coverage. Optimal timing of the second dose may depend on whether breakthrough varicella results from primary vaccine failure (no protective immunity after vaccination) or secondary vaccine failure (waning protective immunity). Methods Published literature (1995 to 2012) on vaccine failure after varicella vaccination cited in PubMed and other online sources was reviewed. Results Nineteen publications detailed 21 varicella outbreaks with breakthrough varicella rates ranging from 0% to 42%; the publications showed no consistent trend between breakthrough varicella rate and time since vaccination. Conclusions Literature to date indicates a relatively high rate of primary vaccine failure and limited evidence of secondary vaccine failure among 1-dose varicella vaccine recipients, suggesting that a short interval between 2 doses might be preferable in countries considering implementation of universal varicella vaccination to reduce breakthrough varicella. However, any potential disruption to well-established vaccination schedules should be considered.

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Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immune Responses in Healthy Children After One or Two Doses of Varicella Vaccine

Cited by 74 publications

References 11 publications

Successes and challenges in varicella vaccine

Successes and challenges in varicella vaccine

Cytotoxicity of glioblastoma cells mediated ex vivo by varicella-zoster virus-specific T cells

Primary Versus Secondary Failure After Varicella Vaccination

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