Humin Formation Pathways

Heltzel, Jacob; Patil, Sushil K. R.; Lund, C.R.F.

doi:10.1007/978-981-287-769-7_5

Cited by 12 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…This solid includes mainly humins deriving from the degradation of furanic intermediates of C 5 and C 6 sugars source, which have undergone aldol addition/condensation reactions [22,148]. Furthermore, the influence of the degraded lignin fraction should be considered, if lignocellulosics are used as starting feedstock, thus further contributing to the increase of aromaticity degree of the final hydrochar [149].…”

Section: Biochar Recovery and Exploitation Possibilitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

New Frontiers in the Catalytic Synthesis of Levulinic Acid: From Sugars to Raw and Waste Biomass as Starting Feedstock

et al. 2016

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Levulinic acid (LA) is one of the top bio-based platform molecules that can be converted into many valuable chemicals. It can be produced by acid catalysis from renewable resources, such as sugars, lignocellulosic biomass and waste materials, attractive candidates due to their abundance and environmentally benign nature. The LA transition from niche product to mass-produced chemical, however, requires its production from sustainable biomass feedstocks at low costs, adopting environment-friendly techniques. This review is an up-to-date discussion of the literature on the several catalytic systems that have been developed to produce LA from the different substrates. Special attention has been paid to the recent advancements on starting materials, moving from simple sugars to raw and waste biomasses. This aspect is of paramount importance from a sustainability point of view, transforming wastes needing to be disposed into starting materials for value-added products. This review also discusses the strategies to exploit the solid residues always obtained in the LA production processes, in order to attain a circular economy approach.

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Section: Biochar Recovery and Exploitation Possibilitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

New Frontiers in the Catalytic Synthesis of Levulinic Acid: From Sugars to Raw and Waste Biomass as Starting Feedstock

et al. 2016

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“…This observation reinforces the proposed hypothesis that the aldehyde groups of humins would react via aldol additions. In fact, some studies demonstrate that the humins itself are obtained via the aldol addition/condensation reactions between 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural, 5-Methyoxymetylfurfural, levulinic acid and other small organic compounds [17,39]. Another band that supports this hypothesis appears at 1603 cm -1 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Synthesis of Resins Using Epoxies and Humins as Building Blocks: A Mechanistic Study Based on In-Situ FT-IR and NMR Spectroscopies

2019

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The combination of eco-respectful epoxy compounds with the humins, a by-product of biomass chemical conversion technologies, allow the obtention of materials with high added value. In this work, we propose a chemical connection study of humins with two aliphatic bis-epoxides through copolymerization reactions to synthesize sustainable, bio-based thermosets. The mechanism insights for the crosslinking between the epoxides and humins was proposed considering the different functionalities of the humins structure. Fourier Transform InfraRed (FT-IR), one dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy techniques were used to build the proposed mechanism. By these techniques, the principal chain connections and the reactivity of all the components were highlighted in the synthesized networks.

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“…Such humins have a polymeric furanic-type structure, with hydroxyl, aldehyde and ketone functionalities. However, their structure is dependent on feedstock type (e.g., xylose or glucose) or concentration, reaction time, temperature, catalysts and many other parameters involved in the process [12]. They are used in agriculture to enhance fertilizers' effect and absorption by increasing soil fertility, as foliar fertilizers, in the pharmaceutical-cosmetic field [13], in the preparation of catalytic materials [14] and in material applications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-Furanic Humins-Based Non-Isocyanate Polyurethane (NIPU) Thermoset Wood Adhesives

et al. 2021

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Predominantly non-furanic commercial humins were used to prepare humin-based non-isocyanate polyurethane (NIPU) resins for wood panel adhesives. Pure humin-based NIPU resins and tannin–humin NIPU resins were prepared, the latter to upgrade the humins’ performance. Species in the raw humins and species formed in the NIPU resins were identified by Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight (MALDI ToF) spectrometry and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR). Humins, fulvic acid and derivatives, humic acid and its fragments, some lignans present and furanic oligomers present formed NIPU linkages. Thermomechanical analysis (TMA) showed that as with other biomaterials-based NIPU resins, all these resins also showed two temperature peaks of curing, the first around 130 °C and the second around 220 °C. A decrease in the Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) between the two indicated that the first curing period corresponded to linear growth of the oligomers forming a physical entanglement network. This then disentangled, and the second corresponded to the formation of a chemical cross-linked network. This second peak was more evident for the tannin–humin NIPU resins. All the laboratory particleboard made and tested either bonded with pure humins or with tannin–humin NIPU adhesives satisfied well the internal bond strength requirements of the relevant standard for interior grade panels. The tannin–humin adhesives performed clearly better than the pure humins one.

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Humin Formation Pathways

Cited by 12 publications

References 29 publications

New Frontiers in the Catalytic Synthesis of Levulinic Acid: From Sugars to Raw and Waste Biomass as Starting Feedstock

New Frontiers in the Catalytic Synthesis of Levulinic Acid: From Sugars to Raw and Waste Biomass as Starting Feedstock

Synthesis of Resins Using Epoxies and Humins as Building Blocks: A Mechanistic Study Based on In-Situ FT-IR and NMR Spectroscopies

Non-Furanic Humins-Based Non-Isocyanate Polyurethane (NIPU) Thermoset Wood Adhesives

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