Humidity and respiratory virus transmission in tropical and temperate settings

Paynter, Stuart

doi:10.1017/s0950268814002702

Cited by 131 publications

(132 citation statements)

References 58 publications

(64 reference statements)

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“…There is evidence for distinct RSV seasons in tropical climates, which challenges the notion that the tropics experience a consistent level of RSV infections year-round (232). In general, RSV hospital admissions peak when yearly temperatures are at their lowest and precipitation is highest, which is likely due to indoor crowding that leads to higher transmission rates in temperate countries (3,229). In most jurisdictions, RSV epidemiology does not differentiate RSV type A from RSV type B when reporting patterns of circulation, and so it is unclear if patterns of circulation differ between subtypes on a systematic basis.…”

Section: Epidemiology and Climate Considerations Rsv Worldwide Prevalmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Most infections occur in seasonal outbreaks worldwide, between October and May in the Northern Hemisphere, that tend to coincide with influenza seasons (228). However, RSV seasons also tend to follow the rainy seasons in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, and so an outbreak of RSV does not always coincide with influenza seasons (229,230).…”

Section: Epidemiology and Climate Considerations Rsv Worldwide Prevalmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Respiratory Syncytial Virus: Infection, Detection, and New Options for Prevention and Treatment

2017

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SUMMARY Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is a significant cause of hospitalization of children in North America and one of the leading causes of death of infants less than 1 year of age worldwide, second only to malaria. Despite its global impact on human health, there are relatively few therapeutic options available to prevent or treat RSV infection. Paradoxically, there is a very large volume of information that is constantly being refined on RSV replication, the mechanisms of RSV-induced pathology, and community transmission. Compounding the burden of acute RSV infections is the exacerbation of preexisting chronic airway diseases and the chronic sequelae of RSV infection. A mechanistic link is even starting to emerge between asthma and those who suffer severe RSV infection early in childhood. In this article, we discuss developments in the understanding of RSV replication, pathogenesis, diagnostics, and therapeutics. We attempt to reconcile the large body of information on RSV and why after many clinical trials there is still no efficacious RSV vaccine and few therapeutics.

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Section: Epidemiology and Climate Considerations Rsv Worldwide Prevalmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Epidemiology and Climate Considerations Rsv Worldwide Prevalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Respiratory Syncytial Virus: Infection, Detection, and New Options for Prevention and Treatment

2017

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“…Studies addressing the link between climate change and pneumonia still need to be conducted worldwide, mainly in poor resource countries and also in the most affected by lack of hygiene and unpreparedness. Lower respiratory tract infections seem to be more frequent during winter in temperate areas and during rainy season in tropical regions [25,26]. Studies in Hong Kong [27] and China [28], respectively support the impact of the changing weather pattern on the magnitude of respiratory infection and the seeking of emergency healthcare.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Cold and dry conditions in temperate regions power the transmission of influenza and respiratory syncytial viruses, while the wet conditions of the tropics seem to reduce the aerosol transmission of the influenza virus [25]. Studies addressing the link between climate change and pneumonia still need to be conducted worldwide, mainly in poor resource countries and also in the most affected by lack of hygiene and unpreparedness.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pneumonia: A Challenging Health Concern with the Climate Change

Kayembe¹,

Kayembe²

2017

Contemporary Topics of Pneumonia

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Pneumonia is still a global health concern with high mortality rate, mainly among children under 5 years and adults over 65 years. In addition to pathogen virulence, immunoevasion capacity, and drug resistance ability, risk factors for the patient include aging, comorbidities, malnutrition, and all causes affecting the immune system. The extent to which environmental disorders affect the respiratory health is established for chronic diseases such as asthma, COPD, and cardiovascular diseases, but less is known about the underlying mechanisms of their impact on infectious diseases of the respiratory system. This chapter aims to recall the epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of pneumonia, with a focus on the impact of climate change and related risk factors on acute low tract respiratory infections.

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“…The majority of paediatric ARI studies investigating associations between specific viral and bacterial interactions and disease severity have taken place in temperate climates in the northern hemisphere (9-11, 14, 15, 54, 57, 98). These climates are characterised by distinct seasonal epidemics of respiratory viruses peaking in winter each year (179). Seasonal shifts in the URT microbiota of healthy children have also been observed in temperate climates (20).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viral/bacterial respiratory tract co-infections in children

Brealey¹

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Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most significant cause of paediatric acute respiratory infection (ARI). RSV and other respiratory viruses are commonly co-detected with potentially pathogenic bacteria, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, in the upper airways of young children.While these bacteria are known to be carried asymptomatically, they are also capable of opportunistic infections. Interactions between RSV and S. pneumoniae have been demonstrated in both clinical and molecular studies. However, the clinical significance of these interactions remains debated, and the effect of clinically relevant strain variation in both virus and bacteria on these interactions is also unknown. This work aimed to better understand the role of S. pneumoniae colonisation during RSV infections.To determine the effect of RSV and S. pneumoniae co-detection on disease severity during ARI, molecular pathogen screening of nasopharyngeal samples was conducted in a cohort of young children under the age of two years presenting with ARI at the emergency department of the Royal Brisbane Children's Hospital, Australia. S. pneumoniae was co-detected in approximately 52% of RSV infections, and co-detection was associated with increased disease severity, suggesting that S. pneumoniae plays a pathogenic role in severe paediatric RSV infections.Having established a clinical role for S. pneumoniae during RSV infection, the dynamics of pneumococcal colonisation of the nasal cavity was investigated in the four weeks prior and subsequent to an RSV infection in a longitudinal birth cohort of Brisbane-based children.Approximately 33% of infants and young children with RSV infections were colonised by S. pneumoniae prior to the RSV detection, and strain characterisation of S. pneumoniae in the weeks immediately surrounding the viral infection suggested that any observed growth of S. pneumoniae during RSV infection arose from the pre-existing strain colonising the URT. In another 14% of RSV infections, S. pneumoniae was first detected during the virus infection, suggesting simultaneous acquisition of RSV and S. pneumoniae and possible co-transmission of the two pathogens.The results from the two paediatric cohorts suggested an interaction between RSV and S.pneumoniae that was advantageous to the bacteria. It was therefore hypothesised that the molecular mechanisms governing RSV and S. pneumoniae interactions might be pneumococcal strain-specific and stronger in strains frequently co-detected with RSV. Studies have shown that RSV can increase S. pneumoniae colonisation by enhancing pneumococcal adherence to airway epithelia, and virions iii can bind directly to the bacterium to form co-pathogen complexes. These interactions are in part mediated through the binding interactions between S. pneumoniae surface receptors and the RSV G surface glycoprotein. RSV G is highly variable, both antigenically and genetically, and is the main protein used to type RSV into subtypes A and B. The genetic variation of RSV G was characterised from nasophar...

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Humidity and respiratory virus transmission in tropical and temperate settings

Cited by 131 publications

References 58 publications

Respiratory Syncytial Virus: Infection, Detection, and New Options for Prevention and Treatment

Respiratory Syncytial Virus: Infection, Detection, and New Options for Prevention and Treatment

Pneumonia: A Challenging Health Concern with the Climate Change

Viral/bacterial respiratory tract co-infections in children

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