“…The combination of metal and semiconductor significantly enhances the activity due to two main features: the formation of a Schottky barrier between the metal NPs, resulting in the increased separation efficiency of photogenerated (e -─h + ) pairs (Bai, Zong et al 2014). The high electron trapping ability of NPs help to effectively promote the conductivity of NPs, which can then be directly injected into the conduction band of semiconductors (Zheng, Huang et al 2011), thereby facilitating the charge separation at the interface between NPs and semiconductor, thus improving its photocatalytic ability (Zhou, Liu et al 2012, Faccin, San-Miguel et al 2017, Assis, Cordoncillo et al 2018, Li, Liu et al 2018, Sofi, Majid et al 2018, da Silva, Faccin et al 2019, Lemos and Vega 2019, Sofi and Majid 2019, Koyappayil, Berchmans et al 2020, Nubla and Sandhyarani 2020, Song, Xie et al 2020, Xia, Min et al 2021.…”