Humeral hypertrophy in response to exercise

Jones, Henry H.; Priest, James D.; Hayes, Wilson C.; Tichenor, Ccarol Chinn; Nagel, Donald A.

doi:10.2106/00004623-197759020-00012

Cited by 721 publications

(368 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…In this pQCT study of male tennis players, known to have large side-to-side differences in BMC between dominant and nondominant arms, 10,19,[22][23][24]31 we showed that the additional bone mineral in the dominant arm was mainly used for increasing the bone size, not the volumetric density of the cortical or trabecular bone. In fact, when the absolute values of the cortical and trabecular densities were compared, they seemed to be virtually constant between players and controls, and across the bone sites, except the distal radius.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

“…A redistribution of the mineral of a bone without changes in the total amount of bone mineral or bone's outer geometry, has also been shown to be possible. 1,8 Earlier studies of tennis players 10,22,31 suggested that the outer dimensions of the playing-arm bones are larger than those of their nonactive counterparts. In addition, in the CT study by Dalen et al, 10 the marrow cavity area of the humeral shaft of seven professional tennis players was examined.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exercise-induced bone gain is due to enlargement in bone size without a change in volumetric bone density: a peripheral quantitative computed tomography study of the upper arms of male tennis players

Haapasalo

Kontulainen

Sievänen

et al. 2000

Bone

405

297

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Bilateral bone characteristics of the humerus (proximal, shaft, and distal sites) and radius (shaft and distal sites) in 12 former Finnish national-level male tennis players (mean age 30 years) and their 12 age-, height-, and weight-matched controls were measured with peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT). The pQCT variables analyzed were bone mineral content (BMC), total cross-sectional area of bone (Tot.Ar), cross-sectional area of the marrow cavity (M.Cav.Ar), cortical bone (Co.Ar) and trabecular bone (Tr.Ar), volumetric density of cortical (Co.Dn) and trabecular (Tr.Dn) bone, cortical wall thickness (Co.Wi.Th), bone strength index (BSI), and principal moments of inertia (I min and I max ). In the players, significant side-to-side differences, in favor of the dominant (playing) arm, were found in BMC (ranging 14%-27%), Tot.Ar (16%-21%), Co.Ar (12%-32%), BSI (23%-37%), I min (33%-61%), and I max (27%-67%) at all measured bone sites, and in Co.Wi.Th. (5%-25%) at the humeral and radial shafts, and distal humerus. The side-to-side M.Cav.Ar difference was significant at the proximal humerus (19%) and radial shaft (29%). Concerning the players' Co.Dn and Tr.Dn, the only significant side-toside difference was found in the Co.Dn of the distal humerus, with the playing arm showing a slightly smaller Co.Dn than the nonplaying arm (؊2%). In controls, significant dominant-tonondominant side differences were also found, but with the majority of the differences being rather small, and significantly lower than those of the players. In conclusion, despite the large side-to-side differences in BMC, the volumetric bone density (Co.Dn, Tr.Dn) was almost identical in the dominant and nondominant arms of the players and controls. Thus, the players' high playing-arm BMC was due to increases in the Tot.Ar, M.Cav.Ar, Co.Ar, and CW.Th. In other words, the playing arm's extra bone mineral, and thus increased bone strength, was mainly due to increased bone size and not due to a change in volumetric bone density. These upper arm results may not be generalized to the entire skeleton, but the finding may give new insight into conventional dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)-based bone density measurements when interpreting the effects of exercise on bone. (Bone 27:351-357; 2000)

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exercise-induced bone gain is due to enlargement in bone size without a change in volumetric bone density: a peripheral quantitative computed tomography study of the upper arms of male tennis players

Haapasalo

Kontulainen

Sievänen

et al. 2000

Bone

405

297

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Furthermore, lifetime tennis players showed greater BMD and circumferences in the dominant forearm compared with the nondominant forearm. 15,16 These studies suggest that immobilization and disuse are associated with decreases in BMD and muscle size. Therefore, the di erences in circumferences between the two groups may have been caused by di erences in the injury level and immobilization.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Bone mineral density differences between paraplegic and quadriplegic patients: a cross-sectional study

Tsuzuku¹,

Ikegami

Yabe

1999

Spinal Cord

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Study design: This cross-sectional study was conducted by comparing bone mineral density (BMD) of paraplegic and quadriplegic patients. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the bone mineral loss and injury level in spinal cord injury patients. Settings: Experiments were conducted at Yoneda Hospital and Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness and Sports, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan. Methods: Lumbar spine (L2-4), proximal femur (femoral neck, trochanter region and Ward's triangle) and whole body BMD were measured in ten paraplegic and ten quadriplegic patients using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA, HITACHI BMD-1X). Results: Signi®cant di erences were observed in the lumbar spine, trochanter region and upper extremities BMD between paraplegic and quadriplegic patients (P50.05, P50.05 and P50.01, respectively), but not in the femoral neck, Ward's triangle, head, pelvis, lower extremities or whole body BMD. Conclusion: These results suggest that the injury level in¯uences on the lumbar spine, upper extremities and trochanter region BMD. From a biomechanical standpoint, it is possible to explain that the di erences in mechanical loading exerted on bones also a ected the di erence of lumbar spine BMD in the two groups.

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“…There are many examples of this structure-function relationship, including the 35% increase in cortical thickness on the humerus of the playing arm of professional tennis players [26] or the striking bone resorption that results from immobilization or space flight; it is thus clear that bone can quickly identify changes in its functional milieu and respond to these changes structurally [16,26].…”

Section: Structural Adaptation In Bonementioning

confidence: 99%

Biology of bone and how it orchestrates the form and function of the skeleton

Sommerfeldt

Rubin

2001

European Spine Journal

163

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IntroductionThe skeleton's principal role as a structure has predisposed bone to the unfortunate reputation of being an inert and static material. Given bone tissue's ability to adapt its mass and morphology to functional demands, its ability to repair itself without leaving a scar, and its capacity to rapidly mobilize mineral stores on metabolic demand, it is in fact the ultimate "smart" material [43] and a dynamic example of "form follows function" in biological systems [45]. Considering the ever-growing number of patients who suffer from devastating disorders of the skeleton and the ever-increasing opportunities inherent in the post-genomics era to treat diseases and injuries to bone [44], it is critical for both the physician and the scientist to more fully understand the biology of bone and how its ability to form and resorb tissue ultimately orchestrates the structural and metabolic successes of the skeleton. CellsThree distinctly different cell types can be found within bone: the matrix-producing osteoblast, the tissue-resorbing osteoclast, and the osteocyte, which accounts for 90% of all cells in the adult skeleton. Osteocytes can be viewed as highly specialized and fully differentiated osteoblasts; Abstract The principal role of the skeleton is to provide structural support for the body. While the skeleton also serves as the body's mineral reservoir, the mineralized structure is the very basis of posture, opposes muscular contraction resulting in motion, withstands functional load bearing, and protects internal organs. Although the mass and morphology of the skeleton is defined, to some extent, by genetic determinants, it is the tissue's ability to remodel -the local resorption and formation of bone -which is responsible for achieving this intricate balance between competing responsibilities. The aim of this review is to address bone's form-function relationship, beginning with extensive research in the musculoskeletal disciplines, and focusing on several recent cellular and molecular discoveries which help understand the complex interdependence of bone cells, growth factors, physical stimuli, metabolic demands, and structural responsibilities. With a clinical and spine-oriented audience in mind, the principles of bone cell and molecular biology and physiology are presented, and an attempt has been made to incorporate epidemiologic data and therapeutic implications. Bone research remains interdisciplinary by nature, and a deeper understanding of bone biology will ultimately lead to advances in the treatment of diseases and injuries to bone itself.

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Humeral hypertrophy in response to exercise

Cited by 721 publications

References 7 publications

Exercise-induced bone gain is due to enlargement in bone size without a change in volumetric bone density: a peripheral quantitative computed tomography study of the upper arms of male tennis players

Exercise-induced bone gain is due to enlargement in bone size without a change in volumetric bone density: a peripheral quantitative computed tomography study of the upper arms of male tennis players

Bone mineral density differences between paraplegic and quadriplegic patients: a cross-sectional study

Biology of bone and how it orchestrates the form and function of the skeleton

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