Humans Walking on all Four Extremities with Mental Retardation and Dysarthric or no Speech: A Dynamical Systems Perspective

Karaca, Sibel; Tan, Meliha; Tan, Üner

doi:10.5772/55685

Cited by 3 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…The results of our experiments also suggest the possibility that sturgeons used a similar system to develop locomotion from reflex responses (Gesell et al, 1934; Karaca et al, 2013; McGraw, 1941). Fish such as mudskippers, Shuttles hoppfish, and blennies, which are known to thrive on land for extended periods, often move their tails quickly by bending them toward their heads and then straightening them, which allows the fish to move and jump (Ashley-Ross et al, 2013; Flammang et al, 2016; Hsieh, 2010; McFarlane et al, 2019; Nasuchon et al, 2016; Pace and Gibb, 2014) This common aspect in the locomotion of low-water-level-exposed sturgeon and fish that have achieved terrestrialisation, is attractive in terms of our understanding of the behavioural potential of fish.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 57%

Development of locomotion in low water exposure using sturgeon

Asano

Tanaka

Nakakura

et al. 2020

Preprint

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The evolution of early land vertebrates from aquatic forms of life was a biological 32 milestone. The transition to land was accompanied with expectedly challenging physiological 33 and morphological evolutionary hurdles. So far, fossil records have provided substantial 34 information on the origin of quadrupedal locomotion. However, fossil evidence alone is 35 insufficient to understand how the soft-tissue-dependent motor functions and locomotion were 36 acquired and developed. In the present study, we focus on locomotion of the sturgeon, an extant 37 primitive fish, as a new experimental model, to investigate behavioural plasticity. Their 38 locomotion in low-water-level conditions was similar to an escape response in water, the 39 C-start escape response, which is used by most fish and amphibian juveniles to avoid predation. 40Sturgeons were also found to have mastered rolling-over in response to low water levels, 41 resulting in the improvement of their trunk-twisting action. Sturgeons acquired an efficient shift 42 in their centroid, thereby improving their mobility. We hypothesise that the escape response 43 triggered by environmental hazards drove the development of locomotion, which was 44 accompanied by a variety of behaviours. 45 46 47Animal locomotion is any of a variety of ways that animals use to move from one place to 48 another. Forms of locomotion include, walking, running, jumping, swimming, and flying. 49About 20,000 species of fish live in the hydrosphere, including the sea, rivers, and lakes. In 50 general, fish live a lifetime in the water, but some fish live in intertidal zones and tidal flats. 51These fish are constantly exposed to environmental changes compared to underwater. 52 Therefore, these fishes have modified their behaviour and physiological functions suitable for 53 the habitat (Nelson, 2006) In the Devonian period, 400 million years ago, the pectoral and 54 pelvic fins of fish evolved into appendicular structures, enabling terrestrial locomotion. 55 However, it remains unclear what kind of environment provoked the evolution of these 56 appendicular structures and what kind of mechanisms contributed to the development of 57 terrestrial locomotion (Goetz et al., 2015; Grande and Bemis, 1991; Gregory and Raven, 1941; 58 Niedźwiedzki et al., 2010). Recent studies have reported some interesting results in 59 morphological and behavioural approaches to understanding the origins of quadrupedal 60 locomotion. King et al. (King et al., 2011) observed the underwater behaviour of lungfish, one 61 of the few species of extant finned sarcopterygians, which showed locomotion similar to 62 terrestrial walking. Other studies demonstrated that Polypterus, the extant fish closest to the 63 common ancestor of actinopterygians and sarcopterygians, exhibited developmental and 64 phenotypic plasticity when exposed to low water levels (Standen et al., 2014; Standen et al., 65 2016) Lungfish and Polypterus are both capable of spontaneously moving onto land in search 66 for water and food and, thus...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 57%

Development of locomotion in low water exposure using sturgeon

Asano

Tanaka

Nakakura

et al. 2020

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…This is consistent with the unpredictability of the outcomes of dynamical complex systems with a strong tendency to self-organize (Guarini and Onofri, 1993; Gribble, 2001). The extremely slow locomotor development in the UTS Type-II cases may be due to the slow progression of the self-organized, adaptive developmental processes (Tan, 2010; Tan et al, 2012; Karaca et al, 2013). The nature of UTS as a developmental disorder was recently dealt with in detail in a book chapter (Karaca et al, 2013).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The UTS cases showed genetic heterogeneity (see Karaca et al, 2013 ): VLDLR mutation in the Antep and Canakkale families (Ozcelik et al, 2008 ), CA8 in the Iraqi family (Turkmen et al, 2009 ), WDR81 in the Iskenderun family (Gulsuner, 2011 ; Gulsuner et al, 2011 ), and ATP8A2 in Adana family (Onat et al, 2013 ). Thus, no single gene defect may explain the emergence of UTS.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Genes themselves are controlled in many ways, some by modifications of DNA sequences, others by external and/or environmental factors.” There is one factor shared by all of the UTS families: the low socio-economic status, with associated low income, under-nutrition, illiteracy, and parental neglect. Thus, the unfavorable socio-economic status gains importance for the emergence of the whole spectrum of cerebro-cerebellar signs and symptoms in families with UTS, and affects the genetic expression (see Karaca et al, 2013 ). The association with the epigenetic status was highest in the most socio-economically deprived group of individuals and lowest in the least deprived group (McGuinness et al, 2012 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The epigenetic status (DNA-methylation patterns) was also affected by dietary factors, even during embryogenesis, with further consequences in adult life (Mathers et al, 2010 ; Thompson et al, 2010 ; Thornburg et al, 2010 ). Similarly, the UTS Type-II families living under extremely low socio-economic conditions may also have been subjected to epigenetic changes during embryogenesis (see also Tan, 2010 ; Tan et al, 2012 ; Karaca et al, 2013 ). These epigenetic changes may be subjected to developmental disorders under the influence of self-disorganization.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Two families with quadrupedalism, mental retardation, no speech, and infantile hypotonia (Uner Tan Syndrome Type-II); a novel theory for the evolutionary emergence of human bipedalism

Tan

2014

Front. Neurosci.

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Two consanguineous families with Uner Tan Syndrome (UTS) were analyzed in relation to self-organizing processes in complex systems, and the evolutionary emergence of human bipedalism. The cases had the key symptoms of previously reported cases of UTS, such as quadrupedalism, mental retardation, and dysarthric or no speech, but the new cases also exhibited infantile hypotonia and are designated UTS Type-II. There were 10 siblings in Branch I and 12 siblings in Branch II. Of these, there were seven cases exhibiting habitual quadrupedal locomotion (QL): four deceased and three living. The infantile hypotonia in the surviving cases gradually disappeared over a period of years, so that they could sit by about 10 years, crawl on hands and knees by about 12 years. They began walking on all fours around 14 years, habitually using QL. Neurological examinations showed normal tonus in their arms and legs, no Babinski sign, brisk tendon reflexes especially in the legs, and mild tremor. The patients could not walk in a straight line, but (except in one case) could stand up and maintain upright posture with truncal ataxia. Cerebello-vermial hypoplasia and mild gyral simplification were noted in their MRIs. The results of the genetic analysis were inconclusive: no genetic code could be identified as the triggering factor for the syndrome in these families. Instead, the extremely low socio-economic status of the patients was thought to play a role in the emergence of UTS, possibly by epigenetically changing the brain structure and function, with a consequent selection of ancestral neural networks for QL during locomotor development. It was suggested that UTS may be regarded as one of the unpredictable outcomes of self-organization within a complex system. It was also noted that the prominent feature of this syndrome, the diagonal-sequence habitual QL, generated an interference between ipsilateral hands and feet, as in non-human primates. It was suggested that this may have been the triggering factor for the attractor state “bipedal locomotion” (BL), which had visual and manual benefits for our ape-like ancestors, and therefore enhancing their chances for survival, with consequent developments in the psychomotor domain of humans. This was put forward as a novel theory of the evolution of BL in human beings.

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Human Quadrupeds, Primate Quadrupedalism, and Uner Tan Syndrome

et al. 2014

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Since 2005, an extensive literature documents individuals from several families afflicted with “Uner Tan Syndrome (UTS),” a condition that in its most extreme form is characterized by cerebellar hypoplasia, loss of balance and coordination, impaired cognitive abilities, and habitual quadrupedal gait on hands and feet. Some researchers have interpreted habitual use of quadrupedalism by these individuals from an evolutionary perspective, suggesting that it represents an atavistic expression of our quadrupedal primate ancestry or “devolution.” In support of this idea, individuals with “UTS” are said to use diagonal sequence quadrupedalism, a type of quadrupedal gait that distinguishes primates from most other mammals. Although the use of primate-like quadrupedal gait in humans would not be sufficient to support the conclusion of evolutionary “reversal,” no quantitative gait analyses were presented to support this claim. Using standard gait analysis of 518 quadrupedal strides from video sequences of individuals with “UTS”, we found that these humans almost exclusively used lateral sequence–not diagonal sequence–quadrupedal gaits. The quadrupedal gait of these individuals has therefore been erroneously described as primate-like, further weakening the “devolution” hypothesis. In fact, the quadrupedalism exhibited by individuals with UTS resembles that of healthy adult humans asked to walk quadrupedally in an experimental setting. We conclude that quadrupedalism in healthy adults or those with a physical disability can be explained using biomechanical principles rather than evolutionary assumptions.

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Humans Walking on all Four Extremities with Mental Retardation and Dysarthric or no Speech: A Dynamical Systems Perspective

Cited by 3 publications

References 67 publications

Development of locomotion in low water exposure using sturgeon

Development of locomotion in low water exposure using sturgeon

Two families with quadrupedalism, mental retardation, no speech, and infantile hypotonia (Uner Tan Syndrome Type-II); a novel theory for the evolutionary emergence of human bipedalism

Human Quadrupeds, Primate Quadrupedalism, and Uner Tan Syndrome

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