Humans in Large-scale, Networked Virtual Environments

Pratt, David R.; Pratt, Shirley; Barham, Paul T.; Barker, Randall E.; Waldrop, Marianne S.; Ehlert, James F.; Chrislip, Christopher A.

doi:10.1162/pres.1997.6.5.547

Cited by 19 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…A well‐known crowd acceleration technique is LoD rendering [Cla76, LWC*02], where the appropriate representation of each character is chosen according to its image contribution [PPB*97, HMDO05]. The basic idea is that, as characters are placed farther away from the camera, less details can be perceived on their screen projection and thus simpler, cheaper representations can be used (see Figure ).…”

Section: Level‐of‐detail Representations For Charactersmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Survey of Real‐Time Crowd Rendering

Beacco

Pelechano

Andújar

2015

Computer Graphics Forum

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In this survey we review, classify and compare existing approaches for real-time crowd rendering. We first overview character animation techniques, as they are highly tied to crowd rendering performance, and then we analyze the state of the art in crowd rendering. We discuss different representations for level-of-detail (LoD) rendering of animated characters, including polygon-based, point-based, and image-based techniques, and review different criteria for runtime LoD selection. Besides LoD approaches, we review classic acceleration schemes, such as frustum culling and occlusion culling, and describe how they can be adapted to handle crowds of animated characters. We also discuss specific acceleration techniques for crowd rendering, such as primitive pseudo-instancing, palette skinning, and dynamic key-pose caching, which benefit from current graphics hardware. We also address other factors affecting performance and realism of crowds such as lighting, shadowing, clothing and variability. Finally we provide an exhaustive comparison of the most relevant approaches in the field.

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Section: Level‐of‐detail Representations For Charactersmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Survey of Real‐Time Crowd Rendering

Beacco

Pelechano

Andújar

2015

Computer Graphics Forum

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“…In the last few years, a number of techniques have been proposed to accelerate the rendering of highly realistic animated characters for crowd simulation. A well‐known approach to this problem involves applying LOD for the characters, depending on their distance to the camera . Ciechomski et al avoided computing the deformation of a character's mesh by storing pre‐computed deformed meshes for each key frame of animation and then carefully sorting these meshes to take cache coherency into account.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficient rendering of animated characters through optimized per‐joint impostors

Beacco

Andújar

Pelechano

et al. 2012

Computer Animation & Virtual

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In this paper, we present a new impostor-based representation for 3D animated characters supporting real-time rendering\ud of thousands of agents. We maximize rendering performance by using a collection of pre-computed impostors sampled\ud from a discrete set of view directions. Our approach differs from previous work on view-dependent impostors in that we\ud use per-joint rather than per-character impostors. Our characters are animated by applying the joint rotations directly to the\ud impostors, instead of choosing a single impostor for the whole character from a set of pre-deﬁned poses. This offers more\ud ﬂexibility in terms of animation clips, as our representation supports any arbitrary pose, and thus, the agent behavior is not\ud constrained to a small collection of pre-deﬁned clips. Because our impostors are intended to be valid for any pose, a key\ud issue is to deﬁne a proper boundary for each impostor to minimize image artifacts while animating the agents. We pose\ud this problem as a variational optimization problem and provide an efﬁcient algorithm for computing a discrete solution as\ud a pre-process. To the best of our knowledge, this is the ﬁrst time a crowd rendering algorithm encompassing image-based\ud performance, small graphics processing unit footprint, and animation independence is proposed.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

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“…To achieve highly realistic populated scenes in real time several techniques have been developed. A well‐known solution to this problem involves applying LOD for the characters depending on their distance to the camera [PPB*97]. Ciechomski et al [CSMT05] avoid computing the deformation of a character’s mesh by storing pre‐computed deformed meshes for each key‐frame of animation, and then carefully sorting these meshes to take cache coherency into account.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Flexible Approach for Output‐Sensitive Rendering of Animated Characters

Beacco¹,

Spanlang²,

Andújar³

et al. 2011

Computer Graphics Forum

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Rendering detailed animated characters is a major limiting factor in crowd simulation. In this paper we present a new representation for 3D animated characters which supports output-sensitive rendering. Our approach is flexible in the sense that it does not require us to pre-define the animation sequences beforehand, nor to precompute a dense set of pre-rendered views for each animation frame. Each character is encoded through a small collection of textured boxes storing colour and depth values. At runtime, each box is animated according to the rigid transformation of its associated bone and a fragment shader is used to recover the original geometry using a dual-depth version of relief mapping. Unlike competing output-sensitive approaches, our compact representation is able to recover high-frequency surface details and reproduces view-motion parallax effectively. Our approach drastically reduces both the number of primitives being drawn and the number of bones influencing each primitive, at the expense of a very slight per-fragment overhead. We show that, beyond a certain distance threshold, our compact representation is much faster to render than traditional level-of-detail triangle meshes. Our user study demonstrates that replacing polygonal geometry by our impostors produces negligible visual artefacts.

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Humans in Large-scale, Networked Virtual Environments

Cited by 19 publications

References 10 publications

A Survey of Real‐Time Crowd Rendering

A Survey of Real‐Time Crowd Rendering

Efficient rendering of animated characters through optimized per‐joint impostors

A Flexible Approach for Output‐Sensitive Rendering of Animated Characters

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