Humanitarian-Development Nexus Regarding Water and Wastewater Service Provision: Learning from Lebanon’s Protracted Population Displacement

Impacts of COVID-19 social distancing policies on water demand: A population dynamics perspective

“…In this study, we seek to better understand the spatiotemporal changes in water demand in response to SDP intervention. Such sudden shifts in demands must be assessed with the consideration of the infrastructures' operating environment ( Bakchan et al, 2020 , 2021 ; Hamilton et al, 2015 ), that is, environmental, financial, social, and institutional considerations within which a system exists or operates. These considerations, along with the physical system, are referred to as socio-technical dimensions .…”

Resilient Water and Wastewater Infrastructure Systems through Integrated Humanitarian-Development Processes: The Case of Lebanon’s Protracted Refugee Crisis

“…After 2011, more incoming displaced persons placed an even greater demand on the water network; these displaced persons resided primarily in apartments and substandard buildings (over 80% nationwide), as the Lebanese government had imposed a no-camp policy . Lebanon hosts 1.5 million displaced persons from Syria as of November 2019, estimated as one displaced person per four nationals, the largest number of refugees per capita in the world. , With this huge increase in demand for water-sector services, the Lebanese government and partner organizations have now acknowledged the need to embark on long-term development. ,, Notwithstanding such acknowledgment, the government’s willingness to address the HD nexus is complicated by the country’s political and economic instabilities . By analyzing Lebanon’s refugee crisis, this work is able to not only gain valuable knowledge of the complex HD transitional space but also to demonstrate the proposed approach.…”

“…74,75 With this huge increase in demand for water-sector services, the Lebanese government and partner organizations have now acknowledged the need to embark on long-term development. 5,7,76 Notwithstanding such acknowledgment, the government's willingness to address the HD nexus is complicated by the country's political and economic instabilities. 73 By analyzing Lebanon's refugee crisis, this work is able to not only gain valuable knowledge of the complex HD transitional space but also to demonstrate the proposed approach.…”

Leveraging water-wastewater data interdependencies to understand infrastructure systems’ behaviors during COVID-19 pandemic

“…In this context, the total population remains relatively unchanged; however, the distribution of where a population interacts with a system shifts spatially on a daily basis due to policies, such as working from home and business closures. To better understand the water and wastewater systems' behavioral changes in response to SDPs, sudden shifts in wastewater flow must be assessed with the consideration of the infrastructures' operating environment ( Bakchan et al, 2020 , 2021 , 2022b ; Hamilton et al, 2015 ), that is, environmental, financial, social, and institutional considerations within which a system exists or operates. These considerations, along with the physical system, are referred to as socio-technical dimensions .…”