Human Zinc Deficiency, Endocrine Manifestations and Response to Treatment

Sandstead, Harold H.; Prasad, Ananda S.; Schulert, Arthur R.; Farid, Z.; Miale, August; Bassilly, Samir; Darby, William J.

doi:10.1093/ajcn/20.5.422

Cited by 354 publications

(108 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Other studies found that as little as 26 g daily of wheat bran incorporated into 180 g of bread in a mixed western diet reduced the net retention of zinc (49). The importance of the inhibition of zinc retention by high cereal diets is illustrated by the Prasad-Halsted syndrome, a condition of growth retardation and delayed sexual maturation among adolescents in Egypt and Iran who subsist on diets that are based on whole wheat unleavened bread and little or no meat (3,(50)(51)(52). More recent findings in East African children, among whom short stature is common, support the concept that diets high in phytate can cause serious impairment in zinc nutriture of populations.…”

Section: Zinc Status In the Us Population Zinc Intake In The Dietmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zinc: Health Effects and Research Priorities for the 1990s

Walsh¹,

Sandstead²,

Prasad³

et al. 1994

Environmental Health Perspectives

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155

224

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This review critically summarizes the literature on the spectrum of health effects of zinc status, ranging from symptoms of zinc deficiency to excess exposure. Studies on zinc intake are reviewed in relation to optimum requirements as a function of age and sex. Current knowledge on the biochemical properties of zinc which are critical to the essential role of this metal in biological systems is summarized. Dietary and physiological factors influencing the bioavailability and utilization of zinc are considered with special attention to interactions with iron and copper status. The effects of zinc deficiency and toxicity are reviewed with respect to specific organs, immunological and reproductive function, and genotoxicity and carcinogenicity. Finally, key questions are identified where research is needed, such as the risks to human health of altered environmental distribution of zinc, assessment of zinc status in humans, effects of zinc status in relation to other essential metals on immune function, reproduction, neurological function, and the cardiovascular system, and mechanistic studies to further elucidate the biological effects of zinc at the molecular level. - There is considerable evidence that zinc deficiency in humans is a serious worldwide problem and outweighs the potential problem of accidental, self-imposed, or environmental exposure to zinc excess. Acute deficiency (1) and chronic deficiency (2) are well-known entities in human populations and are probably much more common than generally recognized. The importance of zinc for human health was first documented in 1963 (3) Telephone (617) (617) 638-4329. E-mail: ctwalsh~bu.edu renal disease, and other chronically debilitating diseases are now known to be predisposing factors for zinc deficiency in humans (4).Zinc deficiency is reflected in clinical syndromes which affect men and women of all ages and all socioeconomic and cultural classes in the United States. It is neither prevalent in any specific area of the United States nor associated with any specific or definitive biochemical marker, which can make its identification difficult and confusing. Its presence is manifested by a wide spectrum of symptoms, from acute, life threatening problems to mild subclinical or marginal disorders which may only vaguely disturb well being. The acute problems are often seen in profoundly ill patients treated in hospitals, whereas subclinical problems may be so vague that patients seek assistance outside traditional medical practice.Based upon clinical data and using traditional, epidemiologic techniques, Henkin and Aamodt (5) have reclassified zinc deficiency into three syndromes; these are a) acute, b) chronic, and c) subacute zinc deficiency. Acute zinc deficiency is relatively uncommon and follows parenteral hyperalimentation or oral L-histidine administration. Chronic zinc deficiency is more common, usually resulting from chronic dietary lack of zinc. Subacute or latent zinc deficiency is the most common of these syndromes. It is estimated that there are 4...

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Section: Zinc Status In the Us Population Zinc Intake In The Dietmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zinc: Health Effects and Research Priorities for the 1990s

Walsh¹,

Sandstead²,

Prasad³

et al. 1994

Environmental Health Perspectives

Self Cite

155

224

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Um dos primeiros estudos com deficiência de zinco que registrou intolerância à glicose foi delineado por Sandstead e cols. (29).…”

Section: Zinco E Tolerância à Glicoseunclassified

Alterações metabólicas e funcionais do zinco em diabetes mellitus

Pedrosa

Cozzolino

1998

Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab

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RESUMOO objetivo desta revisão foi relatar as alterações metabólicas e fisiológi-cas do zinco na presença do diabetes mellitus. O zinco é componente de várias enzimas e participa de vias metabólicas que envolvem a sín-tese de proteínas, metabolismo de carboidratos, de lipídeos e de ácidos nucléicos. Este mineral tem sido relacionado com a interação entre hormônios e seus receptores, e com melhoras no estímulo pós receptor. Estudos in vitro apontam que a insulina pode se complexar com o zinco melhorando a solubilidade e estocagem deste hormônio nas células beta do pâncreas. Em diabetes mellitus experimental, tem sido detectado alterações na concentração e na distribuição de zinco nos tecidos, assim como hiperzincúria logo após a indução da doença. Em pacientes com diabetes do tipo 1 ou tipo 2, as avaliações bioquímicas têm demonstrado concentrações de zinco no plasma inversamente proporcionais ao tempo de duração da doença, baixos valores em células sangüíneas, assim como hiperzincúria logo após a indução da doença. O mau controle metabólico nestes pacientes pode estar associado à depleção intracelular de zinco, predispondo a alterações no estado nutricional deste mineral. O conhecimento das funções do zinco no metabolismo de nutrientes, no crescimento, no sistema imunológico e nos tecidos oculares tem gerado especulações em relação ao envolvimento da deficiência deste micronutriente na gênese de algumas complicações da doença. ABSTRACTThe aim of this review is to discuss physiological and metabolic alterations of zinc in diabetes mellitus. Zinc is a component of diverse enzymes and also participates in metabolic pathway involving protein synthesis, carbohydrate, and metabolism of lipid and nucleic acids. This mineral has been related to the interaction between hormones and their receptors including the improvement of post receptor stimuli. In vitro studies demonstrate that insulin can bind to zinc improving the solubility and the storage of this hormone in the islets of Langerhans. In experimental diabetes alterations in zinc concentration and distribution have been detected, as well as hyperzincuria immediately after induction of the disease. In patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes a negative correlation between plasma zinc and duration of the disease was observed. Other evaluations frequently show hyperzincuria. Poor metabolic control in these patients can be associated with intracellular zinc depletion, this fact can influence zinc status alterations. The knowledge of zinc functions are important to nutrient metabolism, growth, immune system and eye and have prompted especulations regarding a link between zinc deficiency and the genesis of chronic diabetic complications. (Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab 1998;42/6:422-430)

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“…The effect of protein-energy deficiency on spermatogenesis has received less attention but the male volunteer prisoners in the Denver study of starvation had reduced sperm counts, with fewer motile forms. Zinc deficiency is thought to be responsible for the delays in testicular development and puberty seen in many boys in the Fars province of Iran and elsewhere in the Middle East (Eminians et al 1967;Stanstead et al 1967). Presumably this also leads to a delay in the onset of spermatogenesis, although no direct evidence for this has been collected.…”

Section: Gametogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Food and biological clocks

Wharton

1992

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

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Human Zinc Deficiency, Endocrine Manifestations and Response to Treatment

Cited by 354 publications

References 34 publications

Zinc: Health Effects and Research Priorities for the 1990s

Zinc: Health Effects and Research Priorities for the 1990s

Alterações metabólicas e funcionais do zinco em diabetes mellitus

Food and biological clocks

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