Human T Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type I Infection among Female Sex Workers in Peru

Gotuzzo, Eduardo; Sánchez, Jorge; Escamilla, Joel; Carrillo, Carlos; Phillips, Irving A.; Moreyra, Luis; Stamm, Walter E.; Ashley, Rhoda; Roggen, Erwin L.; Kreiss, Joan K.; Piot, Peter; Holmes, King K.

doi:10.1093/infdis/169.4.754

Cited by 61 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Indeed, these results could be a consequence of community isolation and the uncommon injection drug use (IDU) in the country 11 , where the latter is thought to be the major route of HTLV-2 transmission in urban populations. In contrast to Brazil, where HTLV-2 is endemic among Amerindians and IDU 2,4,5,13,21,22,23,25 , HTLV-2 has only been detected in Peru in two Amazonian Indians and in MSM from cities near the Amazon 19,28 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several epidemiological studies on HTLV-1/2 infection have been conducted in Peru, but the majority of them are related to high-risk or at-risk populations, such as HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) patients, men who have sex with men (MSM), patients with sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), and female sex workers (FSW) 8,9,11,26,28,29 .…”

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confidence: 99%

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Confirming the presence of HTLV-1 infection and the absence of HTLV-2 in blood donors from Arequipa, Peru

Quispe

Feria²,

Santos-Fortuna

et al. 2009

Rev. Inst. Med. trop. S. Paulo

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SuMMarYEpidemiological studies conducted in Peru disclosed HTLV-1 to be prevalent in different ethnic groups, and found HTLV-2 in some Amazonian Indians and in men who have sex with men. No data concerning HTLV-1/2 infection in blood donors from Arequipa, a highlands region in southern Peru, is available. We searched for the presence of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 antibodies in 2,732 serum samples obtained from blood donors from this geographic area. HTLV-1/2-specific antibodies were detected using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and were confirmed by Western blot (WB). Reactive sera had their blood bags discarded from donation, and the demographic characteristics of the donors were analyzed. Thirty-five sera (1.2%) were HTLV seroreactive by ELISA, and 25 were confirmed HTLV-1-positive by WB. One serum disclosed HTLV-positivity, and the remaining nine serum samples showed indeterminate results by WB; three of which had an HTLV-1 indeterminate Gag profile. The median age of HTLV-positive individuals was 34.6 years; 27 were male and eight were female. All individuals were from southern Peru: 27 from Arequipa, five from Puno, and three from Cuzco. HTLV co-positivity with hepatitis B (five sera) and syphilis (one serum) were detected. Previous transfusion and tattooing were observed in two and one individuals, respectively. No serum was positive for HTLV/HIV co-infection. This study confirmed, for the first time, HTLV-1 infection and the absence of HTLV-2 infection in blood donors from Arequipa, Peru and suggests vertical transmission as the major route of HTLV-1 transmission and acquisition in this geographic region.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Confirming the presence of HTLV-1 infection and the absence of HTLV-2 in blood donors from Arequipa, Peru

Quispe

Feria²,

Santos-Fortuna

et al. 2009

Rev. Inst. Med. trop. S. Paulo

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“…High-risk behaviors, such as unprotected sex 50 , multiple partners [51][52][53] , sexual intercourse with injection drug users 34,39 , sexual partners from HTLV-endemic areas 54,55 , certain sexual practices 53 , and a history of other sexually transmitted diseases [50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60] , have been identifi ed as risk factors for HTLV infection. In addition, the epidemiology of HTLV, particularly its tendency to occur in clusters, has enabled the identifi cation of groups who are at risk for exposure, including injection drug users 34,56,59 , sex workers 50,[55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62] , men who engage in intercourse with other men 52,53,56 , recipients of blood transfusions in Brazil before November 1993 63 , and sexual partners of known HTLV carriers [64][65][66] (Figure 2).…”

Section: Sexual Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, the epidemiology of HTLV, particularly its tendency to occur in clusters, has enabled the identifi cation of groups who are at risk for exposure, including injection drug users 34,56,59 , sex workers 50,[55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62] , men who engage in intercourse with other men 52,53,56 , recipients of blood transfusions in Brazil before November 1993 63 , and sexual partners of known HTLV carriers [64][65][66] (Figure 2). …”

Section: Sexual Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Gottuzo et al 50 found that the prevalence of HTLV-1 in 400 female sex workers in Peru who were treated in clinics for sexually transmitted diseases increased with the duration of prostitution from 3.6% (<3 years) to 9.3% (3-6 years) to 15.9% (>6 years). Wignall et al 62 reported a 21.8% prevalence rate of HTLV-1 among prostitutes in Callao, Peru, which was correlated with the number of years of prostitution; this fi nding suggests an association between sexual activity and HTLV-1 transmission.…”

Section: Sexual Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sexual transmission of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1

Paiva

Casseb

2014

Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop.

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Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is endemic in many parts of the world and is primarily transmitted through sexual intercourse or from mother to child. Sexual transmission occurs more effi ciently from men to women than women to men and might be enhanced by sexually transmitted diseases that cause ulcers and result in mucosal ruptures, such as syphilis, herpes simplex type 2 (HSV-2), and chancroid. Other sexually transmitted diseases might result in the recruitment of infl ammatory cells and could increase the risk of HTLV-1 acquisition and transmission. Additionally, factors that are associated with higher transmission risks include the presence of antibodies against the viral oncoprotein Tax (anti-Tax), a higher proviral load in peripheral blood lymphocytes, and increased cervicovaginal or seminal secretions. Seminal fl uid has been reported to increase HTLV replication and transmission, whereas male circumcision and neutralizing antibodies might have a protective effect. Recently, free virions were discovered in plasma, which reveals a possible new mode of HTLV replication. It is unclear how this discovery might affect the routes of HTLV transmission, particularly sexual transmission, because HTLV transmission rates are signifi cantly higher from men to women than women to men.

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High prevalence of human T‐lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV‐1) in immigrant male‐to‐female transsexual sex workers with HIV‐1 infection

Zehender¹,

Colasante²,

Maddalena³

et al. 2004

Journal of Medical Virology

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Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and HTLV-2) infections in Europe are limited to intravenous drug users and migrants coming from areas in which they are endemic. A survey was undertaken of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 infections in 393 recent immigrants: 167 HIV-1 positive subjects (including 52 male-to-female transsexual sex workers) and 226 pregnant HIV-1 negative women. The prevalence of HTLV-1 was 3.6% in the HIV-1 positive group and 0.9% in the HIV-1 negative group. The highest HTLV-1 prevalence in both groups was found in persons from Latin America, particularly those born in Peru (up to 26% in the HIV-1 positive group). All of the HIV-1/HTLV-1 co-infected individuals were male-to-female transsexual sex workers in whom the overall prevalence of HTLV-1 infection was 11.5%. HTLV-2 was only found in the HIV-1 positive group (prevalence 1.2%); all of the infected subjects were transsexual sex workers from Brazil (overall prevalence 6.4%). Phylogenetic analysis showed that all of the HTLV-1 isolates were of the cosmopolitan type, clustering with other strains circulating in the patients' birthplaces; the HTLV-2 isolates were of subtype 2a, and clustered significantly with other Brazilian strains. These results suggest the independent origin of each infection in the patient's birthplace. The data raise concerns about the further spread of HTLV infections mainly through the sexual route.

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Human T Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type I Infection among Female Sex Workers in Peru

Cited by 61 publications

References 24 publications

Confirming the presence of HTLV-1 infection and the absence of HTLV-2 in blood donors from Arequipa, Peru

Confirming the presence of HTLV-1 infection and the absence of HTLV-2 in blood donors from Arequipa, Peru

Sexual transmission of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1

High prevalence of human T‐lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV‐1) in immigrant male‐to‐female transsexual sex workers with HIV‐1 infection

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