Human soleus muscle: A comparison of fiber composition and enzyme activities with other leg muscles

Gollnick, P. D.; Sjödin, B.; Karlsson, Jan; Jansson, Eva; Saltin, Bengt

doi:10.1007/bf00587415

Cited by 261 publications

(154 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Human soleus muscles are dominated by type I fibers13J7 and human gastrocnemius muscles generally have equal distribution of type I and type I1 fibers. 17 The changes in the angular delay that we observed could have resulted from fiber type changes in the gastrocnemius muscle primarily because the tests were conducted with the knees in full extension. Additional studies are needed to address this possibility.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Concentric Isokinetic Torque Characteristics of the Calf Muscles of Active Women Aged 20 to 84 Years

Gajdosik¹,

Linden²,

Williams³

1999

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther

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Study Design: Descriptive, comparative, and correlational study of nonimpaired, active women in 3 age groups.Objectives: We described age-related concentric isokinetic torque of plantar flexion (PO of active women and examined the proposal that PF torque at slow to rapid velocities would be influenced by age-related slower muscle contractile properties. We also examined the relationship of age to passive and active force characteristics of the calf muscle. Background: Aging is associated with decreased calf muscle strength, slower muscle contractile properties, and decreased dorsiflexion (DF) range of motion. Clinical methods of measuring these changes in the calf muscles have not been described adequately. Methods and Measures: 24 younger women (20 to 39 years), 24 middle-aged women (40 to 59 years), and 33 older women (60 to 84 years) performed maximal concentric PF of the right ankle from maximal passive DF at randomly ordered velocities of 30° s-l, 60". s-l, 120" -s-l, and 180". s-l. The peak and mean torques and "angular delay" 0 from the onset of movement to peak toque were examined using ANOVA. Age was correlated (Peanon product moment 4 with the peak and mean torques, "angular delay," velocity at peak torque for 180"-s-l, and the maximal passive DF angle and torque. Results: The peak and mean torques decreased with increasing age and velocities. The angular delay at 180"-s-I decreased with increasing age. Age was negatively correlated with the peak and mean torques (range, r = -0.60 to -0.73), the "angular delay" at all velocities (range, r = -0.44 to -0.64, the maximal passive DF angle (r = -0.73) and torque (r = -0.60), and with the peak torque velocity at 1 80° -s-I (r = -0.29). Conclusions:The results indicate age-related changes for the concentric isokinetic torque of the calf muscles of active women. The angular delay at 180" s-I may show changes influenced by slower muscle contractile properties. Concurrent age-related declines in passive and active calf muscle force characteristics were demonstrated. ) Orthop Sports Phys Ther l999;29: 18 1-190.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Concentric Isokinetic Torque Characteristics of the Calf Muscles of Active Women Aged 20 to 84 Years

Gajdosik¹,

Linden²,

Williams³

1999

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther

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“…Soleus also has a larger cross-sectional area (Ward et al, 2009) and shorter fascicles than either gastrocnemius head (Maganaris et al, 1998), reducing the required activation volume for a given force. Furthermore, soleus contains ~88% slow-twitch fibres compared with ~50% in MG (Edgerton et al, 1975;Gollnick et al, 1974), and thus relies more on slower fibres with a lower maximal shortening velocity (V max ). Therefore, soleus is probably able to function at higher activation levels more economically than MG, particularly over prolonged periods.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differences in contractile behaviour between the soleus and medial gastrocnemius muscles during human walking

Cronin

Avela

Finni

et al. 2012

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARYThe functional roles of individual lower limb muscles during human walking may differ depending on walking speed or duration. In this study, 11 volunteers walked on a treadmill for 60min at speeds corresponding to both optimal and 20% above optimal energetic cost of transport whilst oxygen consumption and medial gastrocnemius (MG) and soleus fascicle lengths were measured. Although energetic cost of transport was ~12% higher at the faster speed, it remained constant over 60min at both speeds, suggesting that humans can walk for prolonged periods at a range of speeds without compromising energetic efficiency. The fascicles of both muscles exhibited rather ʻisometricʼ behaviour during the early to mid stance phase of walking, which appears to be independent of walking speed or movement efficiency. However, several functional differences were observed between muscles. MG exhibited time-and speed-dependent decreases in operating length, and shortened faster during the pushoff phase at the faster walking speed. Conversely, soleus exhibited consistent contractile behaviour regardless of walking speed or duration, and always shortened slower than MG during pushoff. Soleus appears to play a more important functional role than MG during walking. This may be especially true when walking for prolonged periods or at speeds above the most energetically efficient, where the force potential and thus the functional importance of MG appears to decline.

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“…The EMG data of the soleus muscle did not change during this motor task. The soleus is located in a deeper position than the gastrocnemius, and it is generally accepted that the gastrocnemius is composed of a mix of fast-and slow-twitch muscle fibers while the soleus is primarily composed mostly of slow-twitch muscle fibers [18][19][20] . The difference in muscle fatigue between the two muscles may be related to the characteristics of the muscle fiber-the soleus being dominated by type I fibers 21) .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the Repeated One-Leg Heel-Rise Test of Ankle Plantar Flexors in Manual Muscle Testing

2007

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Abstract. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the repeated one-leg heel-rise test method of ankle plantar flexors in MMT with kinetic measuring devices and electromyograms (EMG). Seven healthy young males (age, 23 ± 2 y) with no prior history of fractures or surgery involving the lower limbs participated in this study. The ankle and knee motions from flexible electrogoniometers (EGM), ground reaction forces (GRF) and center of pressure (COP) from one force plate and the root-mean-square (RMS) and mean-power-frequency (MPF) from EMG in the medial head of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles during the repeated one-leg heel-rise test. Kinetic and kinematic data from EGM, GRF and COP were unchanged during the tests. Although the RMS in both muscles and the MPF in the soleus muscles were unchanged during this test, the MPF in the gastrocnemius muscles decreased with the number of iterations (r=-0.79, p<0.001). The MPF of the gastrocnemius muscles in the late phase was significantly lower that in the early and middle phases (respectively, p<0.05, p<0.05). Our results show that this repeated motion method estimates muscle endurance rather than the muscle power.

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Human soleus muscle: A comparison of fiber composition and enzyme activities with other leg muscles

Cited by 261 publications

References 25 publications

Concentric Isokinetic Torque Characteristics of the Calf Muscles of Active Women Aged 20 to 84 Years

Concentric Isokinetic Torque Characteristics of the Calf Muscles of Active Women Aged 20 to 84 Years

Differences in contractile behaviour between the soleus and medial gastrocnemius muscles during human walking

Analysis of the Repeated One-Leg Heel-Rise Test of Ankle Plantar Flexors in Manual Muscle Testing

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