Human sleep under the influence of pulsed radiofrequency electromagnetic fields: A polysomnographic study using standardized conditions

Wagner, Peter D.; Röschke, Joachim; Mann, Klaus; Hiller, Wolfgang; Frank, C.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1521-186x(1998)19:3<199::aid-bem8>3.0.co;2-x

Cited by 122 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Even though the wavelength of mobile-phone radiation is such that the brain of a normal user is in the near field of the phone's antenna (OSHA, 1990), a long-standing practice has been to use the plane-wave approximation (E 2 /377) Becker, 1982a, 1982b) and express the applied field in terms of a power density. Many investigators eschewed use of a Maxwellian variable, and instead listed only a specific absorption rate (Hietanen et al, 2000;Croft et al, 2008;Fritzer et al, 2007;Kleinlogel et al, 2008aKleinlogel et al, , 2008bWagner et al, 1998, 2000, Borbe´ly et al, 1999Huber et al, 2003;Maby et al, 2004Maby et al, , 2005Maby et al, , 2006Freude et al, 1998;Hamblin et al, 2006;Jech et al, 2001;Perentos et al, 2007;Regel et al, 2007aRegel et al, , 2007bHuber et al, 2000Huber et al, , 2002Loughran et al, 2005;Hung et al, 2007;Stefanics et al, 2007;Parazzini et al, 2007;Hinrichs and Heinze, 2004), as if it were true that the extent of the ability of the EMF to heat water was a proper description of their independent variable-it was not. The specific absorption rate has been adopted by regulatory agencies to compare the outputs of mobile phones, but no authority has used it to explain their neurophysiological consequences.…”

Section: Mobile Phones and Brain Activity 265mentioning

confidence: 95%

“…A German group investigated the effects of mobile-phone EMFs on brain electrical activity during sleep (Mann and Ro¨schke, 1996;Wagner et al, 1998Wagner et al, , 2000. In the first study (Mann and Ro¨schke, 1996), the EEG from one derivation was analyzed in 12 subjects on successive nights during the presence (8 h) and absence of a mobile-phone EMF.…”

Section: Effects During Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…A finding of 1 pair-wise significant result in 5 tests (5 sleep stages considered) corresponds to a family-wise error rate of 0.23, thus the study provides no reliable evidence that EMFs affected the EEG. In a second (Wagner et al, 1998) and third (Wagner et al, 2000) study (24 and 20 subjects, respectively), the investigators reported failure to demonstrate an effect of mobile-phone EMFs on the EEG.…”

Section: Effects During Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a typical mobile-phone EMF experiment 217 radio-frequency pulses per second were applied to the subject, resulting in 434 electrode spike potentials per second. Because most of the studies also applied a low-frequency magnetic field in addition to the radio-frequency EMFs (Reiser et al, 1995;Carrubba et al, 2007a;Ro¨schke and Mann, 1997;Hietanen et al, 2000;Croft et al, 2002Croft et al, , 2008D'Costa et al, 2003;Curcio et al, 2005;Mann and Ro¨schke, 1996;Wagner et al, 1998Wagner et al, , 2000Lebedeva et al, 2000Lebedeva et al, , 2001Maby et al, 2004Maby et al, , 2005Maby et al, , 2006Bak et al, 2003;Eulitz et al, 1998;Freude et al, 1998Freude et al, , 2000Hamblin et al, 2004Hamblin et al, , 2006Jech et al, 2001;Krause et al, 2000aKrause et al, , 2000bKrause et al, , 2004Krause et al, , 2006Krause et al, , 2007, the problem of artifacts was compounded because the magnetic field from the battery current also produces 434 spikes/s. No investigator removed these artifacts prior to decomposing the recorded signal into its component frequencies.…”

Section: Marino and Carrubbamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Foundation for R. (Eulitz et al, 1998)[ þ ] German R. F. (Reiser et al, 1995)[ þ ], (Ro¨schke and Mann, 1997)[À], (Mann and Ro¨schke, 1996)[ þ ], (Wagner et al, 2000)[À], (Wagner et al, 1998)[À], (Lebedeva et al, 2000)[ þ ], (Lebedeva et al, 2001)[ þ ], [ þ ], (Freude et al, 2000)[ þ ]…”

Section: Ref No [Claim]mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Effects of Mobile-Phone Electromagnetic Fields on Brain Electrical Activity: A Critical Analysis of the Literature

Marino

Carrubba

2009

Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine

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We analyzed the reports in which human brain electrical activity was compared between the presence and absence of radio-frequency and low-frequency electromagnetic fields (EMFs) from mobile phones, or between pre- and post-exposure to the EMFs. Of 55 reports, 37 claimed and 18 denied an EMF-induced effect on either the baseline electro encephalogram (EEG), or on cognitive processing of visual or auditory stimuli as reflected in changes in event-related potentials. The positive reports did not adequately consider the family-wise error rate, the presence of spike artifacts in the EEG, or the confounding role of the two different EMFs. The negative reports contained neither positive controls nor power analyses. Almost all reports were based on the incorrect assumption that the brain was in equilibrium with its surroundings. Overall, the doubt regarding the existence of reproducible mobile-phone EMFs on brain activity created by the reports appeared to legitimate the knowledge claims of the mobile-phone industry. However, it funded, partly or wholly, at least 87% of the reports. From an analysis of their cognitive framework, the common use of disclaimers, the absence of information concerning conflicts of interest, and the industry's donations to the principal EMF journal, we inferred that the doubt was manufactured by the industry. The crucial scientific question of the pathophysiology of mobile-phone EMFs as reflected in measurements of brain electrical activity remains unanswered, and essentially unaddressed.

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Section: Mobile Phones and Brain Activity 265mentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Effects During Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Effects During Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Marino and Carrubbamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Ref No [Claim]mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Effects of Mobile-Phone Electromagnetic Fields on Brain Electrical Activity: A Critical Analysis of the Literature

Marino

Carrubba

2009

Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine

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Low-level exposure to pulsed 900 MHz microwave radiation does not cause deficits in the performance of a spatial learning task in mice

Sienkiewicz

Blackwell

Haylock

et al. 2000

Bioelectromagnetics

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There is some concern that short‐term memory loss or other cognitive effects may be associated with the use of mobile cellular telephones. In this experiment, the effect of repeated, acute exposure to a low intensity 900 MHz radiofrequency (RF) field pulsed at 217 Hz was explored using an appetitively‐motivated spatial learning and working memory task. Adult male C57BL/6J mice were exposed under far field conditions in a GTEM cell for 45 min each day for 10 days at an average whole‐body specific energy absorption rate (SAR) of 0.05 W/kg. Their performance in an 8‐arm radial maze was compared to that of sham‐exposed control animals. All behavioral assessments were performed without handlers having knowledge of the exposure status of the animals. Animals were tested in the maze immediately following exposure or after a delay of 15 or 30 min. No significant field‐dependent effects on performance were observed in choice accuracy or in total times to complete the task across the experiment. These results suggest that exposure to RF radiation simulating a digital wireless telephone (GSM) signal under the conditions of this experiment does not affect the acquisition of the learned response. Further studies are planned to explore the effects of other SARs on learned behavior. Bioelectromagnetics 21:151–158, 2000. Published 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

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Radio‐Frequency and Microwave Radiation

Hitchcock¹

2001

Patty's Toxicology

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Radio‐frequency radiation (RFR) is a type of nonionizing electromagnetic energy. Electromagnetic energy is the propagation of energy by time‐varying electric and magnetic fields. The fields are described by three vector quantities: electric‐field strength, magnetic‐field strength, and propagation vector. Typically, electric and magnetic fields are characterized at right angles to one another and to the direction of motion of the radiation, which is defined by the propagation vector. Radiation may be described by frequency, wavelength, and photon energy. RFR is nonionizing because the photon energy in this spectral region is not sufficient to ionize matter. However, by convention, RFR is described by frequency. Frequency is the number of wave cycles that pass a point in space in a second (s), and the unit is the hertz (Hz). Sometimes, the interaction of RF energy with matter is described by the wavelength, which is the length of one complete wave cycle. For the purposes of this chapter, the boundaries of the RF spectral region are 3 kilohertz (kHz) to 300 gigahertz (GHz). Usually, microwave radiation is considered a subset of RFR; however, an alternate convention treats radiowave and microwave radiation as two spectral regions. Sources of RFR are both natural and man‐made. Natural sources include terrestrial and extraterrestrial sources, and even the human body. Major man‐made sources are shown reviews are available. The source that has most consistently demonstrated the potential for overexposure during normal use is the unshielded dielectric heater (also called plastic sealers). Induction heaters have demonstrated the potential for overexposures to the magnetic field. Certain maintenance activities associated with broadcasting and radar have the potential for overexposure. This chapter surveys the effect of long‐term studies, ocular effects, behavioral effects, reproductive and developmental effects, and cancer. For the interested reader, reviews of biological effects are available.

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Human sleep under the influence of pulsed radiofrequency electromagnetic fields: A polysomnographic study using standardized conditions

Cited by 122 publications

References 13 publications

The Effects of Mobile-Phone Electromagnetic Fields on Brain Electrical Activity: A Critical Analysis of the Literature

The Effects of Mobile-Phone Electromagnetic Fields on Brain Electrical Activity: A Critical Analysis of the Literature

Low-level exposure to pulsed 900 MHz microwave radiation does not cause deficits in the performance of a spatial learning task in mice

Radio‐Frequency and Microwave Radiation

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