Human sex hormones stimulate the growth and maturation of Coccidioides immitis

Drutz, David J.; Huppert, M.; Sun, Steven; McGuire, William

doi:10.1128/iai.32.2.897-907.1981

Cited by 92 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…23 Similar results have been reported in rodents experimentally infected with several different parasites. [24][25][26][27] There is evidence that testosterone directly affects parasite growth and development, 24,28,29 and that testosterone indirectly affects parasite establishment in the host by influencing the immune system. 30,31 In general, testosterone has been shown to decrease components of the humoral and adaptive immune responses, and up-regulate a Th2 immune response, all of which might contribute to susceptibility to parasite infection.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cerebrospinal Nematodiasis in 20 Camelids

Bertin

Taylor

2016

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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BackgroundInformation about the clinical and clinicopathologic aspects of cerebrospinal nematodiasis (CN) in camelids is limited.HypothesisClinical and therapeutic variables will be identified as factors predictive of survival.AnimalsClient‐owned camelids suspected of having CN admitted to Purdue University between 1995 and 2015.MethodsA retrospective study was performed. A diagnosis of CN was based on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) eosinophilic pleocytosis or postmortem findings.ResultsEleven alpacas and 9 llamas met the inclusion criteria. Seventy‐five percent of the camelids were male (27% castrated and 73% intact). Common clinical abnormalities included proprioceptive deficits (100% of animals), recumbency (55%), tachypnea (55%), and ataxia (40%). Among the 85% of treated animals, 100% received PO fenbendazole, and 88% received a nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug. The survival rate to discharge was 45%. Plasma fibrinogen concentration, creatine kinase activity, and serum creatinine concentration were significantly higher in nonsurvivors. Blood eosinophil count, platelet count, and total CO 2 were significantly lower in nonsurvivors. Factors associated with survival were species, sex, absence of treatment with corticosteroids, and clinical improvement. There was no association between recumbency at admission and survival. A plasma fibrinogen concentration above >266 mg/dL was an excellent diagnostic test to predict survival in the presence of neurological signs or CSF eosinophilia.ConclusionsAlthough prognosis for CN in camelids is guarded, presence of recumbency at admission is not predictive of nonsurvival. Male camelids and llamas appear more likely to die from CN. Corticosteroid treatment is contraindicated in animals diagnosed with CN.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cerebrospinal Nematodiasis in 20 Camelids

Bertin

Taylor

2016

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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“…The propensity of pregnant women to develop coccidioidal dissemination might be related to both the suppression of cell-mediated immunity and the direct effect of elevated hormone levels. It was noted that 17B-estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone intensely stimulate the growth rate of C. immitis at all developmental stages (13,14). A noteworthy fact is that all cases reported from Japan are exclusively males (5-9).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disseminated Coccidioidomycosis

Jitsukawa

Sato

Hayashi

et al. 1990

The Journal of Dermatology

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We report a case of disseminated coccidioidomycosis in a 39-year-old Japanese male whose illness developed after returning from a trip to an endemic area. He showed positive coccidioidin skin reaction throughout the entire course of his illness. The primary lesion in the lung subsequently spread to the bone. While the patient was on treatment with 5-FC, he made another trip to the same endemic area. After this episode, he developed pulmonary symptoms and cutaneous nodules on his wrist. The possibility of reinfection with Coccidioides immitis is discussed. Electron microscopy of the cutaneous nodules revealed that the spherules examined maintained their structural integrity in the granulomatous lesion, suggesting the high viability of the organism. Host-parasitic interaction in coccidioidomycosis is discussed.

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“…Whether Native Americans, Hispanics, or Asians have a higher risk is debated. 23 The 1977 dust storm in California provided a natural means of confirming this increased risk. The incidence of disseminated coccidioidomycosis in the non-Caucasian population was disproportionate to its overall representation.…”

Section: Racementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Dissemination among patients with cancer appears to be related to the immunosuppressive effect of the chemotherapy rather than radiation therapy or the nature of the disease itself. 23 Coccidioidomycosis is a recognized opportunistic infection among persons infected with HIV. The first reports of coccidioidomycosis associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) occurred just a few years after the initial reports of AIDS.…”

Section: Immunosuppressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…37 Cases have recently been discovered outside areas previously identified as endemic, suggesting the endemic region may be wider than originally described. 23 In 2001 an outbreak of acute respiratory disease occurred among persons working at a Native American archeological site at Dinosaur National Monument in northeastern Utah. Ten workers met the clinical case definition; 9 had serologic confirmation of coccidioidomycosis, and 8 were hospitalized.…”

Section: Recent Trends Of Coccidioidomycosis In the United Statesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Expanding Understanding of Epidemiology of Coccidioidomycosis in the Western Hemisphere

Laniado-Laborı́n

2007

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

109

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Coccidioidomycosis is a disease of both national and worldwide importance that is most often diagnosed in nonendemic regions. The endemic region for Coccidioides spp. lies exclusively in the Western Hemisphere. Coccidioides spp. has long been identified in semiarid areas of the United States and Mexico, and endemic foci have been described in areas of Central and South America. Infection is usually the result of activities that cause the fungus to become airborne and inhaled by a susceptible host. Underlying medical diseases that affect T cell function are known to increase the risk of disseminated disease and include human immunodeficiency virus, cancer, and disease processes requiring transplantation and its subsequent immunosuppressive agents. In recent years the incidence of the coccidioidomycosis has increased in California and Arizona, which may be partially due to the massive migration of Americans to the Sunbelt states. To date the highest number of cases reported in Arizona was in 2004, when a total of 3,665 cases of coccidioidomycosis was reported, representing a 281% increase since 1997. Statistics on the prevalence and incidence of coccidioidomycosis in Latin America either are fragmentary or simply are not available.

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Human sex hormones stimulate the growth and maturation of Coccidioides immitis

Cited by 92 publications

References 46 publications

Cerebrospinal Nematodiasis in 20 Camelids

Cerebrospinal Nematodiasis in 20 Camelids

Disseminated Coccidioidomycosis

Expanding Understanding of Epidemiology of Coccidioidomycosis in the Western Hemisphere

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