Human rotavirus VP4 and VP7 genetic diversity and detection of GII norovirus in Ibadan as Nigeria introduces rotavirus vaccine

Abstract

Objective This cross-sectional study investigated the circulating strains of rotavirus and screened for noravirus in Ibadan, Nigeria as the country introduces the rotavirus vaccine into its national immunization program. Methods Sixty-five stool samples were collected from children younger than 5 years with clinically diagnosed diarrhea and screened for the presence of rotavirus and norovirus using RT-PCR. Rotavirus-positive samples were further analyzed to determine the G and P genotypes using semi-nested multiplex PCR. Results The rates of rotavirus and norovirus positivity were 30.8% and 10.8%, respectively, whereas the rate of rotavirus and norovirus mixed infection was 4.6%. G1 was the predominant VP7 genotype, followed by G2, G9, and G1G2G9, whereas the predominant VP4 genotype was P[4], followed by P[6], P[8], and P[9]. The mixed P types P[4]P[8] and P[4]P[6] were also detected. G1P[4] was the most common VP4 and VP7 combination, followed by G2P[4], G1[P6], G1P[8], G2P[6], G2P[9], G9P[6], G2G9P[4], G2P[4]P[6], G1P[4]P[8], G2G9P[8], G1G2G9P[8], and G1[non-typable] P[non-typable], which were detected in at least 5% of the samples. Four samples had a combination of non-typable G and P types. Conclusions It is essential to monitor the circulation of virus strains prior to and during the implementation of the immunization program.

Faeco-prevalence of enteric viruses in children under five in Ogun State, Nigeria; a one-year study

“…This shows that this virus is circulating and contributes at a lower frequency to gastroenteritis compared to HAdV in Ogun State, Nigeria. This finding is in contrast with other studies from Ogun and Kwara state -Nigeria (4, 51) that had previously reported a higher prevalence rate for HAstV and other studies from Lebanon (52), Germany (53) (54,55,56). This observed disparity might be due to the seasonal variation of viruses.…”

Multicenter Study of Rotavirus Infection, Diversity of Circulating Genotypes and Clinical Outcomes in Children ≤5 Years Old in Iran

“…44 Nontypeable genotypes were reported in many studies, ranging from 5% to 22.8%. 5,45 In our study, nontypeable strains were found in only 4 samples (1.6%). The lower prevalence of nontypeable strains in Iran could be attributed to the absence of RVA immunization program and the circulation of common RVA genotypes.…”

“…Certain genotypes are common in specific regions; however, the most prevalent genotypes include G1P [8], G2P [4], G3P [8], G4P [8], G9P [8] and G12P [8]. [2][3][4] In developing countries, RVA infection ranges from 30.8% to 40.78% (Mean, 34.39%), [5][6][7] which is higher than in industrial countries (ranges between 5.5% and 24%) (Mean, 14.23%). [8][9][10] The distribution of RVA genotypes may be influenced by diversity in climates, host genetics, immune status, geography, health conditions, socioeconomic status and vaccine types.…”

“…Certain genotypes are common in specific regions; however, the most prevalent genotypes include G1P[8], G2P[4], G3P[8], G4P[8], G9P[8] and G12P[8]. 2–4 In developing countries, RVA infection ranges from 30.8% to 40.78% (Mean, 34.39%), 5–7 which is higher than in industrial countries (ranges between 5.5% and 24%) (Mean, 14.23%). 8–10…”