Human-Robot Interaction: Testing Distances that Humans will Accept Between Themselves and a Robot Approaching at Different Speeds

Human-Robot Interaction in Assisted Personal Services: Factors Influencing Distances That Humans Will Accept between Themselves and an Approaching Service Robot

“…Freund and Spohrer () point out that modern service engineering in this area is uniquely challenging, because the technical side and human side of a service have to be considered concurrently. Furthermore, a human's decision about whether she can accept an approaching robot can influence the success of the service as a whole, as acceptance is often the result of an overall judgment based on single characteristics (Mertens et al., ). Conversely, if no specific characteristic is rejected, acceptance is often given.…”

“…The distance that humans will accept between themselves and an approaching robot is an important parameter in the design of the approach phase of robot‐assisted personal services. Gaining knowledge of characteristics relevant for acceptance, in our case of the design of the approach phase, within the early development stages can reduce later costs and can be done by involving potential users (Mertens et al., ). A service robot can lead to a safety‐related (e.g., fear of collision) and/or a non‐safety‐related (e.g., discomfort) user's perception while approaching.…”

Kinematic control based on dual quaternion algebra and its application to robot manipulators

“…The analysis is particularly relevant in advanced manipulation tasks-for instance, manipulation in hazardous or unstructured environments, and multi-arm manipulation-that require precise and safe interaction in contrast to convergence speed. In the view of human-robot interaction, the speed of the end-effector largely influences the human acceptance of the contact [101]. Indeed, even if the robotic system is able to prevent undesired injuries, a human is likely to be in a state of constant stress and discomfort [102].…”