Human Rights in the Context of Criminal Justice: A Study of Urban Crime

Abstract

Urban areas are known by their facilities and enhanced opportunities of living and employment. With the availing all the facilities, many serious issues have emerged due to urbanization in developing countries. The most highlighted problems include security and crime in urban areas in developing countries. This paper is aimed to focus on the urban crime, the reasons behind the crime happened, the major indicators of crimes and what is the city response and what policy should be developed by police and society. To achieve the objective of this research secondary data was used. With the help of literature crime indicators were explored and explained well in this research. Eight countries were analyzed with the help of literature to check the overall crime situation there. Crime in those all eight countries was low to high level. It is in alarming in some areas of Africa and other developing countries. Study showed crime is increasing from last three years which is high. In any society urban crime prevails it created unsafe environment, threaten to lives, threaten to belonging and has impact on life quality and economy of the country. Law force agencies must be empowered and well equipped to control the situation. It's government responsibilities to create employment opportunities for youth so that they cannot engage into illegal activities.

Do Spatial Spillover Effects of Crime Matter in Urbanization and Crime Nexus? (Case Study: Iranian Provinces)

“…In other words, the elasticity of crime with respect to unemployment was equal to 0.127 meaning that 1 percent increase in unemployment would lead to 0.127 percent increase in crime per capita in Iranian provinces. This result was in accordance with the results obtained by Bharadwaj (2014), Elis and Liu (2018) and Nguyen, (2019). Unemployment is usually considered as the main determinant of criminal behavior in societies (Han et al, 2013).…”

“…Numerous theoretical reasons have been proposed by different schools and various scholars about the occurrence of crime in urban settlements. Some of the reasons for crime commitment in urban settlements include densely populated areas, size and heterogeneity in cities (Clinard, 1942;Wirth, 1964), rational maximization of utility function as the results of a cost benefit assessment (Becker, 1968), unemployment (Ehrlich, 1973), inappropriate settlement conditions which creates the subculture of violence and poverty (Rogers, 1989), migration of young male individuals with rural family backgrounds (Muggins, 1985), the role of state in defining and creating crime in dependency theory (Rogers, 1989), city size, losing feelings of responsibility by men and anonymity of the criminals in cities (Braithwaite, 1975), lack of social control and deviant climate in large cities (Gumus, 2004), less formal and informal control and social cohesion (Hirschfield and Bowers, 1997), weaknesses of crime control bodies (Soh, 2012), gang operations and unawareness of the citizenship rights or spoon-feeding syndrome, lack of discipline, 'soul destroying' nature of megacities and the "aesthetic wilderness" of the cities (Braithwaite, 1975), increased opportunity to be exposed to deviance and negative effects of criminal behavior (Soh, 2012), law and management issues and freedom of armed uses (Elis and Liu, 2018), plenty of money obtained by crime activities in urban spaces, low probability of arrest, shortage in quality and quantity of security forces and equipment (Aksoy, 2017), congestion of population in city centers (Ghani, 2017).…”

“…The first category comprises the descriptive studies about the effects of urbanization on crime (eg. Soh 2012;Esiri, 2016;Dede et al, 2017;Elis and Liu, 2018). The second category includes the studies which investigated the effects of urbanization on crime using traditional methods or conventional non-spatial econometric models (for instance, Glaeser and Sacerdote, 1999;Gumus, 2004;Jalil and Iqbal 2010;Malik, (2016), Ghani, 2017Nguyen, 2019;etc).…”

“…insecurity, high socio-economic costs ((Agyei-Mensah et al, 2015;Ghani, 2017). Although researchers have identified various socio-economic, cultural and deterrent variables as the determinants of crime (Aksoy, 2017); many studies introduce urbanization as one of the main factor affecting crime occurrence in delinquent urban settlements (Gumus, 2004;Jalil and Iqbal, 2010;Elis and Liu, 2018;etc). This view about the effects of crime has found many pros and cons during decades and has raised hot debates among scholars about how urbanization affects crime in urban settings.…”