Human Rhinovirus Infection Blocks Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Replication Within the Respiratory Epithelium: Implications for COVID-19 Epidemiology

Dee, Kieran; Goldfarb, Daniel; Haney, Joanne; Amat, Julien A R; Herder, Vanessa; Stewart, Meredith; Szemiel, Agnieszka M.; Baguelin, Marc; Murcia, Pablo R.

doi:10.1093/infdis/jiab147

Cited by 128 publications

(150 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Our findings may not only reflect changes in awareness and behavior associated with COVID-19. For example, viral interference, which is a phenomenon where one virus out-competes and suppresses the replication of other co-infecting viruses, may also be happening [40][41][42]. Certainly, the decrease in the number of children with many infectious diseases post-COVID-19 is surprising.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surveillance in hospitalized children with infectious diseases in Japan: Pre- and post-coronavirus disease 2019

Fukuda

Tsugawa

Nagaoka

et al. 2021

Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy

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Introduction The epidemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) rapidly spread worldwide, and the various infection control measures have a significant influence on the spread of many infectious diseases. However, there have been no multicenter studies on how the number of hospitalized children with various infectious diseases changed before and after the outbreak of COVID-19 in Japan. Methods We conducted a multicenter, prospective survey for hospitalized pediatric patients in 18 hospitals in Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan, from July 2019 to February 2021. We defined July 2019 to February 2020 as pre-COVID-19, and July 2020 to February 2021 as post-COVID-19. We surveyed various infectious diseases by sex and age. Results In total, 5,300 patients were hospitalized during the study period. The number of patients decreased from 4,266 in the pre-COVID-19 period to 701 (16.4%) post-COVID-19. Patients with influenza and RSV decreased from 308 and 795 pre-COVID-19 to zero and three (0.4%) post-COVID-19. However, patients with adenovirus (respiratory infection) only decreased to 60.9% (46 to 28) of pre-COVID levels. Patients with rotavirus, norovirus, and adenovirus gastroenteritis decreased markedly post-COVID-19 to 2.6% (38 to 1), 27.8% (97 to 27) and 13.5% (37 to 5). The number of patients with UTIs was similar across the two periods (109 and 90). KD patients decreased to 31.7% (161 to 51) post-COVID-19. Conclusions We suggest that current infection control measures for COVID-19 such as wearing masks, washing hands, and disinfecting hands with alcohol are effective against various infectious diseases. However, these effects vary by disease.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surveillance in hospitalized children with infectious diseases in Japan: Pre- and post-coronavirus disease 2019

Fukuda

Tsugawa

Nagaoka

et al. 2021

Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy

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“…Several papers have proposed mechanisms that could lead to a higher level of protection against SARS-CoV-2, we mention e.g. [9,17]. In a separate manuscript, we provide evidence of a protective effect by cross-reactive antibodies between a peptide in neuraminidace of Influenza A H1N1 and the binding domain the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 that interacts with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), [18].…”

Section: Does Variable Susceptibility Exist?mentioning

confidence: 84%

A note on variable susceptibility, the herd-immunity threshold and modeling of infectious diseases

Carlsson

Wittsten

Söderberg‐Nauclér

2021

Preprint

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Early 2020, catastrophic consequences of COVID-19 was predicted in the do-nothing scenario, based on mathematical models for epidemiology. As data began to emerge, several scientists noted that growth did not seem exponential, as the models predicted, leading to speculations of pre-existing immunity or immunological dark matter to explain this pattern. On the other hand, reports of choir-rehearsals infecting most members seemed to refute this, and the topic remained inconclusive. We provide a mathematical theory in which both observations are true; on a population level, pre-immunity exists, on an individual level, it doesn't. This theory demonstrates that established formulas relating e.g. R0 and the herdimmunity threshold are wrong. We derive new mathematical formulas, which applies to any virus whose transmission dynamics is associated with large individual variability in susceptibility to the infection. Contrary to great variability in infectivity, which we show has no bearing on the mathematical modeling, variability in susceptibility actually manifests itself as pre-immunity on a macroscopic scale, thus making pre-immunity a necessity for accurate mathematical modeling.

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“…Additionally, we assumed that interactions between viruses were neutral, meaning that the presence of one of the viruses did not affect (promote nor protect against) infection with the other virus. Recent studies have suggested some possible protection from COVID-19 infection conferred by rhinovirus interference with SARS-CoV-2 replication kinetics and this may warrant further exploration at the population level [33].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of co-circulating pathogens on SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 surveillance: How concurrent epidemics may decrease true SARS-CoV-2 percent positivity

Kovacevic

Eggo

Baguelin

et al. 2021

Preprint

Self Cite

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Background: Circulation of non-SARS-CoV-2 respiratory viruses during the COVID-19 pandemic may alter quality of COVID-19 surveillance, with possible consequences for real-time analysis and delay in implementation of control measures. Here, we assess the impact of an increased circulation of other respiratory viruses on the monitoring of positivity rates of SARS-CoV-2 and interpretation of surveillance data. Methods: Using a multi-pathogen Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Recovered (SEIR) transmission model formalizing co-circulation of SARS-CoV-2 and another respiratory we assess how an outbreak of secondary virus may inflate the number of SARS-CoV-2 tests and affect the interpretation of COVID-19 surveillance data. Using simulation, we assess to what extent the use of multiplex PCR tests on a subsample of symptomatic individuals can support correction of the observed SARS-CoV-2 percent positive during other virus outbreaks and improve surveillance quality. Results: Model simulations demonstrated that a non-SARS-CoV-2 epidemic creates an artificial decrease in the observed percent positivity of SARS-CoV-2, with stronger effect during the growth phase, until the peak is reached. We estimate that performing one multiplex test for every 1,000 COVID-19 tests on symptomatic individuals could be sufficient to maintain surveillance of other respiratory viruses in the population and correct the observed SARS-CoV-2 percent positive. Conclusions: This study highlights that co-circulating respiratory viruses can disrupt SARS-CoV-2 surveillance. Correction of the positivity rate can be achieved by using multiplex PCR, and a low number of samples is sufficient to avoid bias in SARS-CoV-2 surveillance.

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Human Rhinovirus Infection Blocks Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Replication Within the Respiratory Epithelium: Implications for COVID-19 Epidemiology

Cited by 128 publications

References 22 publications

Surveillance in hospitalized children with infectious diseases in Japan: Pre- and post-coronavirus disease 2019

Surveillance in hospitalized children with infectious diseases in Japan: Pre- and post-coronavirus disease 2019

A note on variable susceptibility, the herd-immunity threshold and modeling of infectious diseases

The impact of co-circulating pathogens on SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 surveillance: How concurrent epidemics may decrease true SARS-CoV-2 percent positivity

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