“…For example, there was a great emphasis on recruitmentfrom-within, promotion-from-within, group-based performance appraisal, peer performance appraisal, compensation reflecting internal equality, group-based bonus and allocating training opportunities on group needs. Empirically, many studies have showed a strong group orientation in staffing (Easterby-Smith et al, 1995;Ding et al, 1997;Whiteley, Cheung and Quan, 2000;Zhu and Dowling, 2002;Han and Han, 2009), performance appraisal (Child, 1994;Easterby-Smith et al, 1995;Braun and Warner, 2002), compensation (Ding et al, 1997;Goodall and Warner, 1997;Verburg et al, 1999;Lewis, 2002;Morris and Shen, 2002;Zhao, 2004;Ding et al, 2006;Zou and Lansbury, 2009) and training and development (Braun and Warner, 2002;Lin, 2004). This group orientation has its roots in communist education and the dominant collectivism, which are unlikely to be weakened in the short term.…”