Human Radiation Tolerance

Lushbaugh, C. C.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-691850-2.50018-4

Cited by 13 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 54 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…This value is ascribed here to θ ∞ . A value of θ 1 of 0.07 Gy 2 h −1 for the effect of dose protraction has been proposed (Scott and Hahn 1989) on the basis of data for a Mexican family exposed in their home to 60 Co gamma rays (Lushbaugh 1974) and for Japanese fishermen exposed to fallout radiation (Kumatori et al 1980). Baverstock et al (1985) and Jones et al (1986) reviewed data on dose-response relationships for various species of animals.…”

Section: Bone Marrow Syndromementioning

confidence: 99%

Polonium-210 as a poison

Harrison¹,

Leggett

Lloyd³

et al. 2007

J. Radiol. Prot.

125

101

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The death of Alexander Litvinenko on 23 November 2006 has brought into focus scientific judgements concerning the radiotoxicity of polonium-210 ((210)Po). This paper does not consider the specific radiological circumstances surrounding the tragic death of Mr Litvinenko; rather, it provides an evaluation of published human and animal data and models developed for the estimation of alpha radiation doses from (210)Po and the induction of potentially fatal damage to different organs and tissues. Although uncertainties have not been addressed comprehensively, the reliability of key assumptions is considered. Concentrating on the possibility of intake by ingestion, the use of biokinetic and dosimetric models to estimate organ and tissue doses from (210)Po is examined and model predictions of the time-course of dose delivery are illustrated. Estimates are made of doses required to cause fatal damage, taking account of the possible effects of dose protraction and the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of alpha particles compared to gamma and x-rays. Comparison of LD(50) values (dose to cause death for 50% of people) for different tissues with the possible accumulation of dose to these tissues suggests that bone marrow failure is likely to be an important component of multiple contributory causes of death occurring within a few weeks of an intake by ingestion. Animal data on the effects of (210)Po provide good confirmatory evidence of intakes and doses required to cause death within about 3 weeks. The conclusion is reached that 0.1-0.3 GBq or more absorbed to blood of an adult male is likely to be fatal within 1 month. This corresponds to ingestion of 1-3 GBq or more, assuming 10% absorption to blood. Well-characterised reductions in white cell counts would be observed. Bone marrow failure is likely to be compounded by damage caused by higher doses to other organs, including kidneys and liver. Even if the bone marrow could be rescued, damage to other organs can be expected to prove fatal.

show abstract

Section: Bone Marrow Syndromementioning

confidence: 99%

Polonium-210 as a poison

Harrison¹,

Leggett

Lloyd³

et al. 2007

J. Radiol. Prot.

125

101

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Figure 3 suggests that reducing the exposure when people begin to leave the shelters is a direct way to reduce the longterm effects of radiation. One case of exposure to 6Rlday for a prolonged period without acute illness has been reported this exposure, in addition to that received in (Lu74), but one would be hesitant to assume shelter, can raise the first 2 weeks' exposure that everyone would have such a high radia-to lethal levels for some people. NCRP extion tolerance.…”

Section: Minimizing Expected Cancer Deathsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Minimizing Excess Radiogenic Cancer Deaths After a Nuclear Attack

Ks¹,

Cv²

1981

Health Physics

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

An effective civil defense program can reduce prompt fatalities in a nuclear war to a few percent of the population. Under these circumstances, the number of possible delayed cancer deaths among the survivors due to radiation exposure is of concern. These deaths were estimated for a 5000-MT attack on a population of the contiguous U.S. which had been 80% evacuated from risk areas and provided with shelters of varying protection factors. Under the assumptions of the study, the principle radiation exposure was from external exposure received in recovery operations outside the shelter during the first year. Radiogenic cancer deaths were examined by year of occurrence and age group exposed. Under our assumptions. which include a continuing exposure control program, radiogenic cancer will cause an average loss of life expectancy of less than 1.2 yr. Further evacuation from the most highly contaminated areas. better shelters, and limited daily radiation exposure can reduce the expected cancer effects. If daily exposures of 6 R/day are necessary in recovery operations, the average loss of life expectancy from radiogenic cancer can be lowered to 0.2 yr for the population as a whole by minimizing the exposure of the people under 40 yr old. Use of stored food for the first year can diminish the impact of ingestion of contaminated food. Radiogenic cancer is unlikely to present any threat to the survival of society in any case, but prudent exposure management can reduce the number of cancer deaths in the years after the attack.

show abstract

“…anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, etc), the intensity of which is directly proportional to the severity, while the onset time of the symptoms is in an anti-proportional relationship to the gravity of the clinical course [32][33][34][35][36]. It has been reported that high exposure incidents exceeding 10 to >20 Gy directly lead to prodromal symptoms within minutes and even a latency phase could no longer be defined [37,38]. 1.4.1.1.1. Vomiting.…”

Section: Biological Dosimetry 131 Biodosimetry: Dicentric Chromosome ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Training of clinical triage of acute radiation casualties: a performance comparison of on-site versus online training due to the covid-19 pandemic

et al. 2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A collection of powerful diagnostic tools have been developed under the umbrellas of NATO for ionising radiation dose assessment (BAT, WinFRAT) and estimate of acute health effects in humans (WinFRAT, H-Module). We assembled a database of 191 ARS cases using the medical treatment protocols for radiation accident victims (n = 167) and the system for evaluation and archiving of radiation accidents based on case histories (n = 24) for training purposes of medical personnel. From 2016 to 2019, we trained 39 participants comprising MSc level radiobiology students in an on-site teaching class. Enforced by the covid-19 pandemic in 2020 for the first time, an online teaching of nine MSc radiobiology students replaced the on-site teaching. We found that: (a) limitations of correct diagnostic decision-making based on clinical signs and symptoms were experienced unrelated to the teaching format. (b) A significant performance decrease concerning online (first number in parenthesis) versus on-site teaching (reference and second number in parenthesis) was seen regarding the estimate time (31 vs 61 cases per hour, two-fold decrease, p = 0.005). Also, the accurate assessment of response categories (89.9% vs 96.9%, p = 0.001), ARS (92.4% vs 96.7%, p = 0.002) and hospitalisation (93.5% vs 97.0%, p = 0.002) decreased by around 3%–7%. The performances of the online attendees were mainly distributed within the lower quartile performance of on-site participants and the 25%–75% interquartile range increased 3–7-fold. (c) Comparison of dose estimates performed by training participants with hematologic acute radiation syndrome (HARS) severity mirrored the known limitations of dose alone as a surrogate parameter for HARS severity at doses less than 1.5 Gy, but demonstrated correct determination of HARS 2–4 and support for clinical decision making at dose estimates >1.5 Gy, regardless of teaching format. (d) Overall, one-third of the online participants showed substantial misapprehension and insecurities of elementary course content that did not occur after the on-site teaching.

show abstract

Human Radiation Tolerance

Cited by 13 publications

References 54 publications

Polonium-210 as a poison

Polonium-210 as a poison

Minimizing Excess Radiogenic Cancer Deaths After a Nuclear Attack

Training of clinical triage of acute radiation casualties: a performance comparison of on-site versus online training due to the covid-19 pandemic

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About