Human rabies in Iran

Farahtaj, Firouzeh; Fayaz, Ahmad; Howaizi, Nader; Biglari, Peyvand; Gholami, Alirez

doi:10.1177/0049475514528174

Cited by 14 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…It is not clear whether these are separate incursions from other regions, or whether this indicates maintenance of the Arctic-like lineage in Iran. The majority of viruses sampled in Iran were detected in wildlife or presumed spill-over hosts despite the majority of reported human cases being dog mediated [ 49 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Complex Epidemiology of a Zoonotic Disease in a Culturally Diverse Region: Phylogeography of Rabies Virus in the Middle East

et al. 2015

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The Middle East is a culturally and politically diverse region at the gateway between Europe, Africa and Asia. Spatial dynamics of the fatal zoonotic disease rabies among countries of the Middle East and surrounding regions is poorly understood. An improved understanding of virus distribution is necessary to direct control methods. Previous studies have suggested regular trans-boundary movement, but have been unable to infer direction. Here we address these issues, by investigating the evolution of 183 rabies virus isolates collected from over 20 countries between 1972 and 2014. We have undertaken a discrete phylogeographic analysis on a subset of 139 samples to infer where and when movements of rabies have occurred. We provide evidence for four genetically distinct clades with separate origins currently circulating in the Middle East and surrounding countries. Introductions of these viruses have been followed by regular and multidirectional trans-boundary movements in some parts of the region, but relative isolation in others. There is evidence for minimal regular incursion of rabies from Central and Eastern Asia. These data support current initiatives for regional collaboration that are essential for rabies elimination.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Complex Epidemiology of a Zoonotic Disease in a Culturally Diverse Region: Phylogeography of Rabies Virus in the Middle East

et al. 2015

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“…Iran is highly endemic for rabies, where it can easily circulate in wildlife and livestock (Farahtaj, Fayaz, Howaizi, Biglari, & Gholami, 2014;Janani et al, 2007). This disease is widespread in all provinces, especially in the north, northwest and northeast regions of the country (Simani, Gholami, Farahtaj, Yousefi-Behzadi, & Fayaz, 2001), occasionally reported in camelids of Iran (Esmaeili, Ghasemi, & Ebrahimzadeh, 2012).…”

Section: Rabiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zoonotic implications of camel diseases in Iran

Mohammadpour

Champour

Tuteja

et al. 2020

Veterinary Medicine & Sci

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Approximately 60% of all human pathogens and 75% of emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic (of animal origin). Camel zoonotic diseases can be encountered in all camel‐rearing countries. In this article, all studies carried out on camel zoonotic diseases in Iran are reviewed to show the importance of camels for public health in this country. More than 900 published documents were systematically searched to find relevant studies from 1,890 until late 2018. The collected articles were classified according to the aetiological agents. In this study, 19 important zoonotic diseases were reported among Iranian camels including listeriosis, leptospirosis, plague, Q fever, brucellosis, campylobacteriosis, tuberculosis, pasteurellosis, clostridiosis, salmonellosis, Escherichia coli infections, rabies, camelpox, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, Crimean‐Congo haemorrhagic fever, echinococcosis, cryptosporidiosis, toxoplasmosis and dermatophytosis, most of which belong to bacterial, viral, parasitic and fungal pathogens, respectively. Results show that camels are one of the most important sources of infections and diseases in human; therefore, continuous monitoring and inspection programs are necessary to prevent the outbreak of zoonotic diseases caused by this animal in humans.

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“…Dogs ( Canis lupus familiaris ) are the primary source of human rabies in Iran, but many other rabid wild animals such as Blanford's foxes ( Vulpes cana ), golden jackal ( Canis aureus ), mongooses ( Herpestes auropunctatus , Herpestes edwardsii ) and wolves ( Canis lupus ) are reported with high frequency throughout the country yearly, suggesting a complex epidemiological scenario (Janani et al, ; Picot et al, ; Seimenis, ). As a consequence, Iran is characterized by one of the highest annual rates of postexposure prophylaxis (PEP; 22/10000 by 2018) provided to exposed patients worldwide (Dehghani, Sharif, Madani, Kashani, & Sharif, ; Farahtaj, Fayaz, Howaizi, Biglari, & Gholami, ). Despite this high burden, epidemiological studies on rabies in Iran have so far been limited to epidemiological studies of animal bites (Charkazi et al, ; Dehghani et al, ; Feizhaddad, Kassiri, Lotfi, & Hoseini, ) and to small‐scale molecular epidemiological investigations (Nadin‐Davis, Simani, Armstrong, Fayaz, & Wandeler, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For centuries, rabies has been present in Iran and has been a notifiable disease since several decades (Baltazard & Ghodssi, 1954 (Janani et al, 2008;Picot et al, 2017;Seimenis, 2008). As a consequence, Iran is characterized by one of the highest annual rates of postexposure prophylaxis (PEP; 22/10000 by 2018) provided to exposed patients worldwide (Dehghani, Sharif, Madani, Kashani, & Sharif, 2016;Farahtaj, Fayaz, Howaizi, Biglari, & Gholami, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using phylogeographic approaches to analyse the dispersal history, velocity and direction of viral lineages — Application to rabies virus spread in Iran

et al. 2019

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Recent years have seen the extensive use of phylogeographic approaches to unveil the dispersal history of virus epidemics. Spatially explicit reconstructions of viral spread represent valuable sources of lineage movement data that can be exploited to investigate the impact of underlying environmental layers on the dispersal of pathogens. Here, we performed phylogeographic inference and applied different post hoc approaches to analyse a new and comprehensive data set of viral genomes to elucidate the dispersal history and dynamics of rabies virus (RABV) in Iran, which have remained largely unknown. We first analysed the association between environmental factors and variations in dispersal velocity among lineages. Second, we present, test and apply a new approach to study the link between environmental conditions and the dispersal direction of lineages. The statistical performance (power of detection, false‐positive rate) of this new method was assessed using simulations. We performed phylogeographic analyses of RABV genomes, allowing us to describe the large diversity of RABV in Iran and to confirm the cocirculation of several clades in the country. Overall, we estimate a relatively high lineage dispersal velocity, similar to previous estimates for dog rabies virus spread in northern Africa. Finally, we highlight a tendency for RABV lineages to spread in accessible areas associated with high human population density. Our analytical workflow illustrates how phylogeographic approaches can be used to investigate the impact of environmental factors on several aspects of viral dispersal dynamics.

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Human rabies in Iran

Cited by 14 publications

References 7 publications

Complex Epidemiology of a Zoonotic Disease in a Culturally Diverse Region: Phylogeography of Rabies Virus in the Middle East

Complex Epidemiology of a Zoonotic Disease in a Culturally Diverse Region: Phylogeography of Rabies Virus in the Middle East

Zoonotic implications of camel diseases in Iran

Using phylogeographic approaches to analyse the dispersal history, velocity and direction of viral lineages — Application to rabies virus spread in Iran

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