Human pupillary light reflex during successive irradiation with 1-ms blue- and green-pulsed light

Abstract

BackgroundIn the human retina, the contribution of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) to the regulation of the pupillary response remains poorly understood. The objective of the current study was to determine the response dynamics of the pupillary light reflex to short, successive pulses of light. In order to better assess the roles of ipRGCs and cones, we used pulses of blue and green light.MethodsEach participant was exposed to 1-ms blue (466 nm) and/or green (527 nm) light pulses simultaneously or separately, with inter-stimulus intervals (ISIs) of 0, 250, 500, 750, or 1000 ms. Pupil diameter was measured using an infrared camera system.ResultsWe found that human pupillary light responses during simultaneous irradiation or successive irradiation with ISIs ≤ 250 ms were equivalent, though successive irradiation of blue- and green-pulsed light with ISIs ≥ 500 ms induced markedly increased pupillary constriction.ConclusionsWe propose that this result may be related to cell hyperpolarization that occurs in the retina just after the first light stimulus is turned off, with the threshold for this effect being between 250 and 500 ms in the human retina.

“Blue Sky Effect”: Contextual Influences on Pupil Size During Naturalistic Visual Search

“…It is well known that each type of photoreceptor has a different spectral sensitivity (Stockman et al, 1993;Do and Yau, 2010;Neitz and Neitz, 2011) and that these light-sensitive cells are non-uniformly distributed across the retina (Curcio et al, 1991;McDougal and Gamlin, 2010;Lee et al, 2017). Recent work leveraging the silent substitution method, which can selectively modulate the excitation of ipRGCs, rods, and the three cones separately (or combined), suggests that color signals influence the pupil response differently (Barrionuevo et al, 2014;Barrionuevo and Cao, 2016).…”

A New Energy Saving Method for Street Lamp under the Equivalent Brightness Perception

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A review of the studies on nonvisual lighting effects in the field of physiological anthropology

“…[65]2017Blue (483 nm, 13 lx)Green (555 nm, 91 lx)White (158 lx)(OLED)Exposure time: 10 min + 5 min PVT under white fluorescent light (illuminance, 300 lx)Psychomotor vigilance test (PVT)Time zone of experiment: 09:30–14:00·Heart rate·HRV·Reaction time, minor lapse (PVT)Dai Q, Uchiyama Y, Lee S, Shimomura Y, Katsuura T. [61]2017Blue (467 nm)Irradiance: 7.5, 15, 30 μW/cm 2 Pulse width: 50, 100, 200 μsWhite (color temperature 2878 K, 14.75 μW/cm 2 ) (LED)Exposure time: 12 min·Pupillary constriction·EEG·Subjective evaluation (concentration, sleepiness, perception of blueness)Yuda E, Ogasawara H, Yoshida Y, Hayano J. [66]2017Blue (485 nm, 8.02 μW/cm 2 )Orange (622 nm, 6.54 μW/cm 2 )(OLED)Exposure time: 30 min during lunch break5 min of PVT under white fluorescent light (color temperature 4010 K, illuminance 450 lx)Psychomotor vigilance test (PVT)·Heart rate·HRV·Reaction time, minor lapse (PVT)Lee S, Muto N, Shimomura Y, Katsuura T. [62]2017Blue (466 nm)Green (527 nm)Irradiance: 20 μW/cm 2 Pulse width: 1 msInter-stimulus interval: 0, 250, 500, 750, 1000 ms·Pupillary constrictionLee S, Uchiyama Y, Shimomura Y, Katsuura T. [63]2017Blue (464 nm)Green (526 nm)Pulse width: 2.5 msPhoton density: 15.2 log photons/cm 2 /sBlue, green, blue + green·Electroretinogram (ERG)·EEG·Visual evoked potential·Pupillary constriction·Subjective evaluations (bluish, greenish)Kozaki T, Hidaka Y, Takakura JY, Kusano Y. [57]2018Blue (465 nm)Irradiance: 52 μW/cm 2 100-Hz flickering (10% duty tatio)non-flickering light(LED)Dim (< 3 lx)Exposure time: 01:00–02:30·Melatonin LED light-emitting diode, OLED organic light-emitting diode…”

“…The effects of both simultaneous and successive exposure to blue and/or green pulsed light on PLR were investigated using extremely short pulses (1 ms) of blue and green lights with inter-stimulus intervals (ISIs) ranging from 0 to 1000 ms. It was found that successive irradiation with pulses of blue and green lights at ISIs ≥ 500 ms induced pronounced pupillary constriction [62]. We also evaluated the effects of extremely short blue and green pulsed lights on visual evoked potential, pupillary constriction, ERG, and subjective evaluations.…”