Human Prolactin: Measurement in Plasma by In Vitro Bioassay

Kleinberg, David L.; Frantz, Andrew G.

doi:10.1172/jci106643

Cited by 103 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…The existence of a pituitary prolactin distinct from growth hormone in the human has been firmly established [7,13,17,21,23,27]. As previously reported [16], we have developed a specific and sensitive radioimmunoassay for the determination of prolactin in serum.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 78%

Serum Prolactin Levels in Humans from Birth to Adult Life

1973

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ExtractSerum prolactin (HPr) and serum growth hormone (HGH) were determined by double antibody radioimmunoassay methods. Markedly elevated levels of serum prolactin with considerable variation were observed in the neonatal period. No significant difference was observed in six matched arteriovenous cord blood samples. No sex difference was noted in the full term infants, whereas the mean value for 24 premature male infants in the 1st week of life (190 ± 17 ng/ml SEM) was significantly higher (P < 0.001) than mean values for 34 premature female infants (104 ± 10 ng/ml SEM). During the first year of life, the mean prolactin value for both boys and girls was approximately 10 ng ml. Mean prolactin levels for both male and female children, aged 2-12 years, were approximately 5 ng/ml. Mean levels for the adolescent female were not increased significantly over those for adolescent males. However, the mean prolactin level of all values determined for adult females (7.9 ± 0.40 ng/ml SEM) was significantly increased (P < 0.001) over the mean level for adult males (5.2 ± 0.55 ng/ml, SEM). Daily serum prolactin throughout the menstrual cycle in six normal female subjects was compared with daily serum HLH levels. Considerable fluctuation was evident, particularly in the luteal phase, where the mean prolactin level was observed to be statistically higher (P < 0.005) than the mean follicular phase level.Insulin hypoglycemia did not produce a significant increase in serum prolactin in 10 normal subjects, whereas arginine infusion produced a twofold increase in mean serum prolactin at 30 min with a return to basal values by 60 min. Glucagon administered intravenously did not produce any significant change in the already elevated levels of prolactin observed on days 1 and 3 of life. Serum prolactin was uniformly and completely suppressed by L-dopa in six subjects for 1-4 hr following a single oral dose of 250 mg. In normal children, the maximal increases in both prolactin and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were observed at 15-30 min after the intravenous injection of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and values were still slightly elevated at 120 min after injection.These studies document the pattern of secretion of serm prolactin from birth to adulthood. The physiologic basis for the increased levels of serum prolactin in the neonate has not been clarified by our studies. Significantly increased levels of prolactin are observed at a time when maximum increases in neonatal breast hypertrophy are observed clinically. Significant mean differences are observed in the adult female population compared with adult males. L-Dopa acts at the hypothalamic level to alter pituitary secretion via alterations in releasing and inhibiting hypothalamic 534 Serum prolactin by radioimmunoassay 535 hormones, whereas TRH acts directly on the pituitary. Our studies indicate that responses to these agents in the prepubertal child are qualitatively similar to those in adults. The response of the neonatal hypothalamic pituitary axis to these agents r...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 78%

Serum Prolactin Levels in Humans from Birth to Adult Life

1973

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“…Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) administration in four patients resulted in normal TSH release in two patients (one of whom developed galactorrhea after the test), an absent response in the patient with the hypothalamic tumor, and a blunted response in one of the women with a pituitary tumor. The two men had low 24- (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8) and in disease statesally throughout the day and night has greatly clarified and extended our knowledge of the physiological regulation of these hormones. Measurement of plasma hormone concentrations during sleep has proven to be especially important for hGH (29), LH (30), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) during puberty (31) and most recently hPRL (32).…”

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confidence: 99%

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Function in Diverse Hyperprolactinemic States

Boyar¹,

Kapen²,

Finkelstein³

et al. 1974

J. Clin. Invest.

161

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A B S T R A C T Prolactin secretion in normal adults is characterized by periods of episodic secretion which increase in magnitude during sleep. In this study, we report the 24-h mean prolactin concentrations, prolactin secretory patterns, and associated pituitary hormone function in nine patients (seven women and two men) with hyperprolactinemia of diverse etiologies. Four of the women and one of the men had clinically demonstrable pituitary tumors, one boy had a hypothalamic tumor, and the three other women had "functional" hyperprolactinemia. The 24-h mean prolactin concentrations derived from averaging the 20-min interval samples for 24 h ranged from 28.6 to 1,220 ng/ml. The plasma prolactin patterns in these patients showed persistence of episodic secretion in all and loss of the normal sleepwake difference in plasma prolactin in seven of nine. Three of the patients with galactorrhea and comparable 24-h mean prolactin concentrations (58.3, 59.7, and 64.3 ng/ml) showed similar prolactin secretory patterns despite different etiologic mechanisms. Evaluation of the secretory patterns of luteinizing hormone (LH) in these patients showed loss of normal pulsatile LH release and a low 24-h mean LH concentration in the patient with the pituitary tumor, while the two patients without clinically demonstrable pituitary tumors ("post-pill" galactorrhea and "idiopathic" galactorrhea) showed normal LH secretory patterns and 24-h mean LH concentrations. The 24-h mean cortisol concentrations and secretory patterns were normal in five of the seven patients who had these parameters measured. The patient with the hypothalamic tumor had a low 24-h mean cortisol concentration and production rate and absent response to metyrapone. The patient with "idiopathic" galactorrhea had an elevated 24-h mean cortisol concentration but normal cortisol production rate and urinary 17-hydroxycorticoid excretion. Growth hormone secre-

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“…1). bGH, having exclusively growth-promoting effects in rodent (Kleinberg & Frantz, 1971), and rPRL were used to distinguish somatogenic and lactogenic binding of hGH, respectively. hGH inhibited the appearance of the bands at Mr 109000, 62000, 57000 and 54000. rPRL, especially at the higher concentration tested, prevented the appearance of the bands at Mr 109000, 62000 and 57000. bGH reduced the band at Mr 54000 only at the higher concentration.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lactogenic and somatogenic binding sites in intact and detergent-solubilized membrane preparations of female rat liver

Haldosén

Gustafsson

1988

Biochemical Journal

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The presence of lactogenic and somatogenic binding sites in intact microsomal membranes and in detergent-solubilized microsomal membrane preparations of female rat liver has been studied by affinity cross-linking-SDS/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. In microsomal membrane preparations an Mr 40,000 lactogenic binder is present which is not disulphide-linked to another protein. Triton X-100 solubilization of membranes results in the appearance of three lactogenic 125I-human growth hormone (125I-hGH) binders with Mr values of 87,000, 40,000 and 35,000, and one somatogenic 125I-hGH binder with Mr 32,000. Treatment of rats with oestrogen increased the amount of lactogenic and somatogenic binding species in liver. The lactogenic binding sites are present as one entity in Triton X-100-solubilized preparations, clearly separated from the somatogenic binder as analysed by gel chromatography. Furthermore, 125I-hGH interacts with an Mr 95,000 somatogenic binder in membrane preparations to which the hormone can be cross-linked only following Triton X-100 solubilization.

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Human Prolactin: Measurement in Plasma by In Vitro Bioassay

Cited by 103 publications

References 50 publications

Serum Prolactin Levels in Humans from Birth to Adult Life

Serum Prolactin Levels in Humans from Birth to Adult Life

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Function in Diverse Hyperprolactinemic States

Lactogenic and somatogenic binding sites in intact and detergent-solubilized membrane preparations of female rat liver

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