Human Prion Disease Surveillance in Washington State, 2006-2017

Abstract

IMPORTANCE Human prion disease surveillance is critical to detect possible cases of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and other acquired forms of prion disease in the United States. Results are presented here that describe 12 years of surveillance in Washington, the only US state that has reported the presence of classic bovine spongiform encephalopathy, an animal prion disease that has been shown to transmit to humans. OBJECTIVE To describe the current prion disease surveillance system in Washington and the epidemiological and clinical results of surveillance from 2006 through 2017. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cross-sectional study reports findings from the human prion disease surveillance system in place in Washington state from January 1, 2006, through December 31, 2017. Participants included Washington residents with a clinical suspicion of human prion disease or suggestive test results from the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center or with prion disease listed as a cause of death on the death certificate. Data for this report were analyzed from June 1, 2016, to July 1, 2020. EXPOSURE Human prion disease diagnosis. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The main outcome was incidence of human prion disease cases, including identification of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. RESULTS A total of 143 human prion disease cases were detected during the study period, none of which met criteria for a variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease diagnosis. Among 137 definite or probable cases, 123 (89.8%) occurred in persons aged 55 years or older, with a median age at death of 66 years (range, 38-84 years). Most patients were White (124 [92.5%] among 134 with reported race), and slightly over half were male (70 [51.1%]). The average annual age-adjusted prion disease incidence was 1.5 per million population per year, slightly higher than the national rate of 1.2 per million. A total of 99 cases (69.2%) were confirmed by neuropathology. Sporadic prion disease was the most common diagnosis, in 134 cases (93.7%), followed by familial prion disease in 8 cases (5.6%). One iatrogenic prion disease case (0.7%) was also reported. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The findings of this cross-sectional study suggest that demographic characteristics of patients with prion disease in Washington are consistent with national findings. The slightly higher incidence rate may be due to the state's enhanced surveillance activities, including close collaboration with key partners and educational efforts targeted toward health care providers. Results indicate that surveillance will continue to be beneficial for monitoring epidemiological trends, facilitating accurate diagnoses, and detecting variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease or other emerging human prion disease cases.

Epidemiological and Clinical Characteristics of Sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease: A Retrospective Study in Eastern China

“…Compared with nearly 100% in Austria (57), 68.7% in the United States (58), 66% in Germany (59), 60% in Australia (60), and 51% in Belgium (61), the autopsy rate is extremely low among Chinese patients due to the influence of traditional Chinese values. Besides, the fear and limited understanding of prion disease, as well as the restriction on the conditions of medical institutions, also affect autopsies on patients with this contagious neurodegenerative disease in China.…”