Human primordial germ cells and embryonic germ cells, and their use in cell therapy

Aflatoonian, Behrouz; Moore, H. D. M.

doi:10.1016/j.copbio.2005.08.008

Cited by 36 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Oct-4 is expressed in embryonic stem cells and by stem cells from amniotic fluid, neonatal human cord blood, and adult nonhematopoietic organs [32][33][34] ; however, the association of Oct4 and SSEA-1 in humans is assumed to be restricted to primordial germ cells (PGCs). 35 PGCs migrate from the posterior part of the embryo to reach the genital ridges that run adjacent to kidney anlagen and therefore are included within the AGM region. PGC migration occurs at the same stage of development as that at which we have detected ACE ϩ cells in the splanchnopleura before the emergence of aortic hematopoietic cell clusters.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (CD143) specifies emerging lympho-hematopoietic progenitors in the human embryo

Sinka

Biasch

Khazaal

et al. 2012

Blood

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Adult-type lympho-myeloid hematopoietic progenitors are first generated in the aorta-gonad-mesonephros region between days 27 and 40 of human embryonic development, but an elusive blood forming potential is present earlier in the underlying splanchnopleura. In the present study, we show that angiotensinconverting enzyme (ACE, also known as CD143), a recently identified cell-surface marker of adult human hematopoietic stem cells, is already expressed in all presumptive and developing bloodforming tissues of the human embryo and fetus: para-aortic splanchnopleura, yolk sac, aorta-gonad-mesonephros, liver, and bone marrow (BM

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (CD143) specifies emerging lympho-hematopoietic progenitors in the human embryo

Sinka

Biasch

Khazaal

et al. 2012

Blood

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“…EGCs are derived from karyotypically normal, diploid PGCs isolated from last stage gastrulation to early gonadal development in the fetus [1,6]. In contrast, ECCs are PGC-derived stem cells isolated from adult testicular tumors called teratocarcinomas (mixed germ cell tumors) that form within the seminiferous tubules of the male gonads [7][8][9]. Collectively, all of these cell types share the general properties of pluripotent stem cells.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expression of Pluripotent Stem Cell Markers in the Human Fetal Testis

et al. 2007

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ABSTRACT؉ cells correlated with an increase in the number of EGC colonies derived in culture. Interestingly, two pluripotent markers, Tra-1-60 and Tra-1-81, although highly expressed in EGCs, were not expressed by PGCs in the gonad. Together, these results suggest that PGCs maintain expression of pluripotent stem cell markers during and after sexual differentiation of the gonad, albeit in very low numbers. STEM CELLS 2008;26: 412-421 Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.

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“…hESCs have the potential to spontaneously differentiate to germ cells based on the identification of specific germ cell surface markers and the genetic profile of the cultured cells. 56,57 However, these phenotypes represented a small proportion of the total cell population at only approximately 0.1%. Growth factors such as bone morphogenetic protein and others play a critical role in inducing germ cell differentiation from hESCs.…”

Section: From Embryonic Stem Cells To Germ Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can we grow sperm? A translational perspective on the current animal and human spermatogenesis models

Lo¹,

Domes²

2011

Asian J Androl

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There have been tremendous advances in both the diagnosis and treatment of male factor infertility; however, the mechanisms responsible to recreate spermatogenesis outside of the testicular environment continue to elude andrologists. Having the ability to 'grow' human sperm would be a tremendous advance in reproductive biology with multiple possible clinical applications, such as a treatment option for men with testicular failure and azoospermia of multiple etiologies. To understand the complexities of human spermatogenesis in a research environment, model systems have been designed with the intent to replicate the testicular microenvironment. Currently, there are both in vivo and in vitro model systems. In vivo model systems involve the transplantation of either spermatogonial stem cells or testicular xenographs. In vitro model systems involve the use of pluripotent stem cells and complex coculturing and/or three-dimensional culturing techniques. This review discusses the basic methodologies, possible clinical applications, benefits and limitations of each model system. Although these model systems have greatly improved our understanding of human spermatogenesis, we unfortunately have not been successful in demonstrating complete human spermatogenesis outside of the testicle. Asian Journal of Andrology (2011) 13, 677-682; doi:10.1038/aja.2011.88; published online 18 July 2011 Keywords: fertility preservation; spermatogenesis models; spermatogonial stem cells INTRODUCTIONRecreating human spermatogenesis outside of its original environment remains the 'Holy Grail' for generations of andrologists. To grow sperm is not only a matter of scientific curiosity, but also a quest for the treatment of male infertility. A well-characterized model for spermatogenesis in humans will have a huge impact on our understanding on the physiological and genetic pathways of male reproduction. Its clinical applications also extend to the study of human reproductive toxicology and preservation of fertility in treated cancer patients.While significant progress has been made in the laboratory, multiple obstacles remain. Current knowledge on the control of gonadogenesis, spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis are based on the examination of histology, immunohistochemistry, hormonal assays, and phenotypes of single gene or small groups of gene alterations in animal models. Human studies in male reproduction are hindered by the lack of human testicular specimens, which are not as readily available as our animal counterparts, for ethical and practical reasons. In this review, we will examine the existing literature on the experimental models and their limitations in growing sperm to provide a foundation for future investigation and clinical application ( Table 1).

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Human primordial germ cells and embryonic germ cells, and their use in cell therapy

Cited by 36 publications

References 29 publications

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (CD143) specifies emerging lympho-hematopoietic progenitors in the human embryo

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (CD143) specifies emerging lympho-hematopoietic progenitors in the human embryo

Expression of Pluripotent Stem Cell Markers in the Human Fetal Testis

Can we grow sperm? A translational perspective on the current animal and human spermatogenesis models

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