Human poisonings and rodenticides: evaluation of incidents reported to the American Association of Poison Control Centers

Abstract

Accidental human exposure to pesticide products is a major concern of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). One condition of product reregistration is the submission of product-specific incident report summaries from the American Association of Poison Control Centers (AAPCC) Toxic Exposure Surveillance System (TESS). Between 1986 and 1998, the AAPCC received a total of 22,921,827 incident reports from telephone calls and physician reports. The total number of incident reports per year more than doubled between 1986 and 1998, with 2,241,082 incidents in 1998. While the total number of incidents increased each year, the reporting per year rate remained constant at approximately 9 reports per 1,000 individuals. Rodenticide related incident reports increased from 8,705 in 1986 to 20,300 in 1998. However, the yearly reporting rate for rodenticide incidents remained constant at approximately 8 reports per 100,000 individuals. Since 1990, anticoagulants have consistently accounted for 82% to 89% of all rodenticide exposures and "long-acting" anticoagulants (i.e., 2 nd generation compounds such as brodifacoum) have accounted for 83% to 91% of all anticoagulant incidents. Although there was variation between years, there were approximately 150 incident reports each year for both strychnine and zinc phosphide. "Unintentional" exposures accounted for approximately 85% of all incidents reported to the AAPCC. With the exception of strychnine, unintentional exposure to rodenticides was slightly higher, at 90%. In the case of zinc phosphide, nearly all exposures (>97%) were unintentional. The majority of exposures involved children less than 6 years old. However, adults were reported to be involved more than 50% of the strychnine incidents. Despite the high number of exposures, very few cases resulted in more than minor symptoms.

Antemortem and postmortem rodenticide analysis in forensic toxicology as a part of an LC‐MS/MS‐based multi‐target screening strategy

“…However, these substances are also dangerous for domestic animals such as cats and dogs, as secondary poisoning might occur when a predator eats a poisoned rodent. Additionally, since human poisoning with rodenticides also occurs on a regular basis, a reliable and convenient identification of relevant substances in forensic toxicological laboratories is important 1–5 …”

“…Additionally, since human poisoning with rodenticides also occurs on a regular basis, a reliable and convenient identification of relevant substances in forensic toxicological laboratories is important. [1][2][3][4][5] There are several classes of rodenticides. Based on our own searches, it was found that different coumarin derivatives (brodifacoum, bromadiolone, coumatetralyl, difenacoum, and warfarin) as anticoagulants and α-chloralose with anesthetic and sedative properties are readily commercially available.…”

Fatal Fulminant Hepatic Failure in a Case of Zinc Phosphide Poisoning: A Case Report

“…The coumarins belong to a class of anticoagulants, the compounds zinc and aluminum phosphide belongs to the group of phosphates. Initially, it was noted that coumarins contributed to around 80-90% of rodenticide poisoning cases, but recently the cases of phosphate compounds poisoning have risen in the united states [4]. But the statistics in India show otherwise.…”