Human Plasma Xanthine Oxidoreductase Activity in Cardiovascular Disease: Evidence from a Population-Based Study

Abstract

Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) and its products contribute to the development of chronic inflammation and oxidative stress. Excessive XOR activity is believed to promote inflammatory responses and atherosclerotic plaque formation, which are major cardiovascular risk factors. The mechanisms of XOR activity in the development and progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD), coupled with the complexity of the relationship between XOR activity and the biological effects of uric acid; reactive oxygen species; and nitric oxide, which are the major products of XOR activity, have long been debated, but have not yet been clearly elucidated. Recently, a system for measuring highly sensitive XOR activity in human plasma was established, and there has been progress in the research on the mechanisms of XOR activity. In addition, there are accumulating findings about the relationship between XOR activity and CVD. In this narrative review, we summarize existing knowledge regarding plasma XOR activity and its relationship with CVD and discuss future perspectives.

Two ferroptosis-specific expressed genes NOX4 and PARP14 are considered as potential biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment of diabetic retinopathy and atherosclerosis

“…In addition, through enrichment analysis, NOX4, PARP14, and their related genes are mainly enriched in oxidative stress, metabolic processes, the immune system, and the VEGFA-VEGFR2 signaling pathway, etc. Studies have confirmed that destructive oxidative stress is one of the important mechanisms for the occurrence and development of DR and AS [ 35 , 36 ].…”

Recent Advances in Dysuricemia: Toward Optimal Serum Urate Level

“…Plasma XOR activity has also been proposed as a possible risk factor for CVD. However, the authors believe that more research is needed to gain an understanding of the mechanisms of plasma XOR activity and the development of CVD [24].…”

Novel Insights into the Molecular Mechanisms of Atherosclerosis

“…Japanese population studies have suggested that plasma XO activity could serve as a reliable biomarker for CVDs. Furthermore, XO activity and subsequent production of UA and ROS have been implicated in promoting the early stages of CKD by affecting microcirculation, causing tissue damage, and contributing to micro-artery dysfunction and hypertension [111,112]. Furthermore, the foam cells enhance the production of inflammatory cytokines, therefore aggravating the inflammation.…”