Human Plague Case Diagnosed in Ningxia Tracked to Animal Reservoirs — Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China, 2021

Gao, Junkai; Hu, Yefa; Ju, Cheng; Liu, Jingyuan; Wang, Yiting; Ma, Jiangtao; Shen, Xiaona; Fang, Liu; Guo, Jing; Yu, Xinxin; Wen, Zhang; Wang, Shuyi; Li, Kun; Zhang, Zhongbing; Kan, Biao; Wang, Wen-Rui; Cong, Xianbin; Fan, Miao; Wei, Li; Kui-dong, Shao; Zhang, Tao; Li, Jianyun; Wang, Yumeng

doi:10.46234/ccdcw2021.267

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 5 publications

(5 reference statements)

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“…There are many plague foci covering a large area of the world where Yersina pestis circulates between rodents and fleas (Gao et al. 2021; Carlson et al. 2022; Rahelinirina et al.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Currently, plague is still a major threat to human health in many countries around the world. There are many plague foci covering a large area of the world where Yersina pestis circulates between rodents and fleas (Gao et al 2021;Carlson et al 2022;Rahelinirina et al 2022). In plague foci where plague infection is found, rodenticides are used to kill rodents (Miarinjara et al 2019;Rahelinirina et al 2021), which causes the release of fleas (Hinds et al 2021) and increases the spillover risk from rodents to people by these fleas.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The combined effect of bromadiolone and ivermectin (iBr) in controlling both rodents and their fleas

LIU,

WAN,

LIU

et al. 2023

Integr. Zool.

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Rodent pests not only cause severe agricultural loss but also spread zoonotic pathogens to human beings. Anticoagulant rodenticides are widely used to decrease the population densities of rodents but often lead to the spillover of ectoparasites because fleas and ticks may gather on surviving rodents. Therefore, it is necessary to kill fleas and ticks before culling rodents to minimize the risk of pathogen transmission. In this study, we used a mixture of ivermectin (an antiparasitic drug) and bromadiolone (an anticoagulant rodenticide) to control both rodent and flea/tick abundances. We found that in a laboratory test, 0.01% ivermectin bait was not lethal for greater long‐tailed hamsters after 7 days of treatment, while 0.1% ivermectin bait was lethal for approximately 33% of treated rodents. In a field test, bait containing 0.001%, 0.005%, 0.01%, and 0.05% ivermectin decreased the number of fleas per vole of Brandt's voles to 0.42, 0.22, 0.12, and 0.2, respectively, compared with 0.77 in the control group, indicating that 0.01% ivermectin bait performed best in removing fleas. In another laboratory test, bait containing a 0.01% ivermectin and 0.005% bromadiolone mixture caused the death of all voles within 6–14 days after the intake of the bait. In the field test, the bait containing 0.01% ivermectin and 0.005% bromadiolone reduced the average number of fleas per vole to 0.35, which was significantly lower than the 0.77 of the control group. Our results indicate that a 0.01% ivermectin and 0.005% bromadiolone mixture could be used to control both rodents and fleas to minimize the spillover risk of disease transmission when using traditional rodenticides.

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“…There are many plague foci covering a large area of the world where Yersina pestis circulates between rodents and fleas (Gao et al. 2021; Carlson et al. 2022; Rahelinirina et al.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The combined effect of bromadiolone and ivermectin (iBr) in controlling both rodents and their fleas

LIU,

WAN,

LIU

et al. 2023

Integr. Zool.

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show abstract

“…Other means of infection include contacting blood or inhaling aerosol droplets with Y. pestis, which can cause pneumonic plague [1]. Currently, plague occurs in some countries, including China [2,3], the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, Madagascar, and the United States [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogenetic Relationships and Evolution of the Genus Eganvirus (186-Type) Yersinia pestis Bacteriophages

Guo,

Zhong,

Wang

et al. 2024

Viruses

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Plague is an endemic infectious disease caused by Yersinia pestis. In this study, we isolated fourteen phages with similar sequence arrangements to phage 186; these phages exhibited different lytic abilities in Enterobacteriaceae strains. To illustrate the phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary relationships between previously designated 186-type phages, we analysed the complete sequences and important genes of the phages, including whole-genome average nucleotide identity (ANI) and collinearity comparison, evolutionary analysis of four conserved structural genes (V, T, R, and Q genes), and analysis of the regulatory genes (cI, apl, and cII) and integrase gene (int). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that thirteen of the newly isolated phages belong to the genus Eganvirus and one belongs to the genus Felsduovirus in the family Peduoviridae, and these Eganvirus phages can be roughly clustered into three subgroups. The topological relationships exhibited by the whole-genome and structural genes seemed similar and stable, while the regulatory genes presented different topological relationships with the structural genes, and these results indicated that there was some homologous recombination in the regulatory genes. These newly isolated 186-type phages were mostly isolated from dogs, suggesting that the resistance of Canidae to Y. pestis infection may be related to the wide distribution of phages with lytic capability.

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Symbiosis of a lytic bacteriophage and Yersinia pestis and characteristics of plague in Marmota himalayana

Lyu,

Duan,

Duan

et al. 2024

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Surveillance for animal plague was conducted in the Marmota himalayana plague focus of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau from 2020 to 2023. A 22.89% positive rate of serum F1 antibody was detected in live-caught marmots, alongside a 43.40% incidence of Yersinia pestis isolation from marmot carcasses. Marmot carcasses infected with plague exhibited a significantly higher spleen-somatic index ( P < 0.05). Twenty-one Y. pestis- specific phages were isolated, among which one Y. pestis lytic phage (AKS2022HT87GU_phi) was isolated from the bone marrow of a marmot carcass (no. AKS2022HT87) and was found to be symbiotic with Y. pestis . Microscopy revealed the coexistence of lysed and non-lysed colonies of Y. pestis AKS2022HT87. Genome-wide analysis showed that certain strains of the Y. pestis AKS2022HT87 carried phage DNA fragments consistent with phage AKS2022HT87GU_phi. The rare symbiotic relationship between a lytic phage and Y. pestis observed in vitro was highlighted in this study, laying the basis for further exploring the relationship between Y. pestis and its bacteriophages. IMPORTANCE Bacteriophages and host bacteria commonly coexist in vivo or in soil environments through complex and interdependent microbial interactions. However, recapitulating this symbiotic state remains challenging in vitro due to limited medium nutrients. In this work, the natural symbiosis between Yersinia pestis and specific phages has been discovered in a Marmota himalayana specimen. Epidemiological analysis presented the characteristics of the Y. pestis and specific phages in the area with a strong plague epidemic. Crucially, comparative genomics has been conducted to analyze the genetic changes in both the Y. pestis and phages over different periods, revealing the dynamic and evolving nature of their symbiosis. These are the critical steps to study the mechanism of the symbiosis.

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Human Plague Case Diagnosed in Ningxia Tracked to Animal Reservoirs — Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China, 2021

Cited by 4 publications

References 5 publications

The combined effect of bromadiolone and ivermectin (iBr) in controlling both rodents and their fleas

The combined effect of bromadiolone and ivermectin (iBr) in controlling both rodents and their fleas

Phylogenetic Relationships and Evolution of the Genus Eganvirus (186-Type) Yersinia pestis Bacteriophages

Symbiosis of a lytic bacteriophage and Yersinia pestis and characteristics of plague in Marmota himalayana

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