Human Pharmaceuticals in the Aquatic Environment: A Challenge to Green Chemistry

Khetan, Sushil K.; Collins, Terrence J.

doi:10.1002/chin.200736260

Cited by 125 publications

(175 citation statements)

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“…Chlorine dioxide is also effective for the removal of sulfamethoxazole, roxithromycin, 17α-ethinylestradiol and diclofenac (Khetan and Collins, 2007). Chlorination and ozonation when compared for the removal of bisphenol A, 17β-estradiol, and 17α-ethinylestradiol and byproduct estrogenicity from distilled water showed comparable results with ozonation resulting in 75-99 % removal (Alum et al, 2004).…”

Section: Chlorinationmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…Ibuprofen, naproxen, bezafibrate an d estrogen s (estrone, estradiol an d ethinylestradiol) showed a high degree of removal while sulfamethoxazole, carbamezapine and diclofenac showed limited removal (Clara et al, 2005;Joss et al, 2005;Xu et al, 2008). Removal efficiencies are likely to decrease due to the development of more resistant APIs (Khetan and Collins, 2007). A number of pilot scale studies were conducted using Sequence batch reactors (SBRs) and Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) in an attempt to improve the effectiveness of AS treatment (Clara et al 2005;Radjenovic et al 2007).…”

Section: Conventional Treatment Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The main sources of contamination include pharmaceutical production plants, WWTPs, hospitals, landfills and even graveyards (Khetan and Collins, 2007;Lillenberg et al, Review Paper 2010). The most investigated route of entry of pharmaceuticals into the environment is that from municipal WWTPs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Treatment options for wastewater effluents from pharmaceutical companies

Deegan

Basha

Nolan

et al. 2011

Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol.

290

126

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Section: Chlorinationmentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Conventional Treatment Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Treatment options for wastewater effluents from pharmaceutical companies

Deegan

Basha

Nolan

et al. 2011

Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol.

290

126

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“…Over the last 10 years, the occurrence of PPCPs and natural estrogens in wastewater and surface water has been widely reported and extensively reviewed (e.g., Halling-Sorensen et al 1998;Daughton and Ternes 1999;Heberer 2002;Jones et al 2005;Alder et al 2006;Lishman et al 2006;Khetan and Collins 2007). Most of the studies showing the ubiquitous occurrence of PPCPs in the environment have been conducted in Western Europe and in North America, but very little is known about the situation in Eastern Europe.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental exposure of pharmaceuticals and musk fragrances in the Somes River before and after upgrading the municipal wastewater treatment plant Cluj-Napoca, Romania

Moldovan

Chira²,

Alder

2008

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Background, aim, and scope Pharmaceutically active substances are a class of emerging contaminants, which has led to increasing concern about potential environmental risks. After excretion, substantial amounts of unchanged pharmaceuticals and their metabolites are discharged into domestic wastewaters. The absence of data on the environmental exposure in Eastern Europe is significant, since use patterns and volumes differ from country to country. In Romania, the majority of wastewater, from highly populated cities and industrial complex zones, is still discharged into surface waters without proper treatment or after inefficient treatment. In respect to this, it is important to determine the environmental occurrence and behavior of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in wastewaters and surface waters. The objective of the present study was to investigate the occurrence of selected PPCPs during the transport in the Somes River by mass flow analysis before and after upgrading a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Cluj-Napoca, which serves 350,000 inhabitants and is the largest plant discharging into the Somes River. The concentrations of PPCPs at Cluj-Napoca can be correlated with the high population and a high number of hospitals located in the catchment area leading to higher mass flows. The results of this study are expected to provide information, with respect to the Romanian conditions, for environmental scientists, WWTP operators, and legal authorities. The data should support the improvement of existing WWTPs and implementation of new ones where necessary and, therefore, minimize the input of contaminants into ambient waters. Materials and methods The PPCPs were selected on the basis of consumption at the regional scale, reported aquatic toxicity, and the suitability of the gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method for the determination of the compounds at trace levels. The studied PPCPs, caffeine (stimulant), carbamazepine (antiepileptic), pentoxifylline (anticoagulant), cyclophosphamide (cytostatic), ibuprofen (analgesic), and galaxolide (musk fragrance), were determined in samples of the Somes River. The analytes were enriched by solid-phase extraction and subsequently determined by GC/MS. Caffeine, pentoxifylline, and galaxolide were determined underivatized, whereas the acidic pharmaceuticals carbamazepine, cyclophosphamide, and ibuprofen were determined after derivatization with N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)-trifluoroacetamide. Results and discussion The concentrations in the Somes River varied from below 10 ng/L up to 10 μg/L. A substantial decrease of the exposure in the Somes River could be observed due to the upgrade of the municipal WWTP in Cluj-Napoca. The loads in the river stretch between Cluj-Napoca and Dej (Somes Mic) varied strongly:Environ Sci Pollut Res (2009) 16 (Suppl 1):S46-S54

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“…In the last few years, new technical approaches have been tested to continually improve water quality, including ozonolysis, photolysis, and UV irradiation (Khetan and Collins 2007;Pütmann et al 2008). These methods, which involve advanced oxidation processes (AOP), have often proven to be very effective in removing parent compounds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibiotics and sweeteners in the aquatic environment: biodegradability, formation of phototransformation products, and in vitro toxicity

Bergheim

Gminski

Spangenberg

et al. 2015

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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In the present study, in vitro toxicity as well as biopersistence and photopersistence of four artificial sweeteners (acesulfame, cyclamate, saccharine, and sucralose) and five antibiotics (levofloxacin, lincomycin, linezolid, m a r b o f l o x a c i n , a n d s a r a f l o x a c i n ) a n d o f t h e i r phototransformation products (PTPs) were investigated. Furthermore, antibiotic activity was evaluated after UV irradiation and after exposure to inocula of a sewage treatment plant. The study reveals that most of the tested compounds and their PTPs were neither readily nor inherently biodegradable in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)-biodegradability tests. The study further demonstrates that PTPs are formed upon irradiation with an Hg lamp (UV light) and, to a lesser extent, upon irradiation with a Xe lamp (mimics sunlight). Comparing the nonirradiated with the corresponding irradiated solutions, a higher chronic toxicity against bacteria was found for the irradiated solutions of linezolid. Neither cytotoxicity nor genotoxicity was found in human cervical (HeLa) and liver (Hep-G2) cells for any of the investigated compounds or their PTPs. Antimicrobial activity of the tested fluoroquinolones was reduced after UV treatment, but it was not reduced after a 28-day exposure to inocula of a sewage treatment plant. This comparative study shows that PTPs can be formed as a result of UV treatment. The study further demonstrated that UV irradiation can be effective in reducing the antimicrobial activity of antibiotics, and * Marlies Bergheim

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Human Pharmaceuticals in the Aquatic Environment: A Challenge to Green Chemistry

Abstract: ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.

Cited by 125 publications

References 1 publication

Treatment options for wastewater effluents from pharmaceutical companies

Treatment options for wastewater effluents from pharmaceutical companies

Environmental exposure of pharmaceuticals and musk fragrances in the Somes River before and after upgrading the municipal wastewater treatment plant Cluj-Napoca, Romania

Antibiotics and sweeteners in the aquatic environment: biodegradability, formation of phototransformation products, and in vitro toxicity

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