Human pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and viruses inDrosophila

Abstract

Drosophila has been the invertebrate model organism of choice for the study of innate immune responses during the past few decades. Many Drosophila-microbe interaction studies have helped to define innate immunity pathways, and significant effort has been made lately to decipher mechanisms of microbial pathogenesis. Here we catalog 68 bacterial, fungal, and viral species studied in flies, 43 of which are relevant to human health. We discuss studies of human pathogens in flies revealing not only the elicitation and avoidance of immune response but also mechanisms of tolerance, host tissue homeostasis, regeneration, and predisposition to cancer. Prominent among those is the emerging pattern of intestinal regeneration as a defense response induced by pathogenic and innocuous bacteria. Immunopathology mechanisms and many microbial virulence factors have been elucidated, but their relevance to human health conventionally necessitates validation in mammalian models of infection.

Biofilm Models of Polymicrobial Infection

“…The fruit fly has served as a key model contributing to our understanding of human development, anatomy and the innate immune response [7,75,77,78]. Relative to the number of reported polymicrobial studies, there are vastly more reports investigating single species infections in D. melanogaster.…”

“…Relative to the number of reported polymicrobial studies, there are vastly more reports investigating single species infections in D. melanogaster. While bacteria, fungi and viruses have all been studied [77], the observance of biofilms in fruit flies has only recently been reported [78].…”

“…Relative to the number of reported polymicrobial studies, there are vastly more reports investigating single species infections in D. melanogaster. While bacteria, fungi and viruses have all been studied [77], the observance of biofilms in fruit flies has only recently been reported [78].The in vivo environment harbors natural flora that may cause unintentional polymicrobial interactions between inoculated and commensal microbes. For instance, in D. melanogaster, coinfection with Gram-positive commensal organisms and P. aeruginosa significantly increased P. aeruginosa virulence and fly mortality [79].…”

“…Eradicating Gram positives present in the environment via antibiotics prior to the inoculation of P. aeruginosa decreased virulence, indicating a polymicrobial interaction that aggravated the infection process. This observation was further defined by feeding antibiotic-treated flies with peptidoglycan and P. aeruginosa and noting the same increase in virulence, demonstrating that P. aeruginosa senses the greater peptidoglycan component of Gram-positive microbes [79].Recently, D. melanogaster was categorized, explicitly, as a biofilm-associated infection model [74,77,78]. After inoculation into fruit flies, P. aeruginosa hyperbiofilm-forming strains were less virulent than the non-biofilm-forming strains due to the decreased host immune response, bringing to light a new interplay between microbe and host that is not well understood in D. melanogaster [78].…”

Sensor Asam Nukleat Sebagai Aktivator Imunitas Intrinsik Terhadap Patogen Intraseluler

“…Sayangnya, sensor-sensor asam nukleat tersebut tidak tersedia secara komprehensif pada hewan-hewan invertebrata. Padahal, invertebrata seperti nematoda Caenorrhabditis elegans, lalat buah Drosophila melanogaster, dan lebah madu Apis mellifera juga dapat terinfeksi oleh berbagai jenis patogen baik berupa bakteri maupun virus (Brutscher & Flenniken, 2015;Félix et al, 2011;Nainu et al, 2015;Panayidou et al, 2014;Xu & Cherry, 2014). Pertanyaan yang timbul selanjutnya adalah bagaimana hewan-hewan invertebrata tersebut mengenali genom patogen dan membedakannya dari genom miliknya sendiri?…”