Human papillomavirus genotypes distribution by cervical cytologic status among women attending the General Hospital of Loandjili, Pointe-Noire, Southwest Congo (Brazzaville)

Abstract

HPV infection is associated with cervical cancer, one of the major public health problems in developing countries. In the Republic of Congo, despite of the high age-standardized incidence rate estimated at 25.2 per 100,000 women, molecular epidemiology data on HPV infections are very limited. We investigated HPV genotypes distribution in cervical smears among patients attending the General Hospital of Loandjili, Southwest Congo. A cross-sectional hospital-based study was conducted on 321 women. Liquid-based cytology samples were collected for cytological diagnosis and HPV detection. Nested-PCR was performed using MY09/MY11 and GP5+/GP6+ primers with genotyping by direct sequencing. Type-specific PCR for HPV-6, -11, -16, -18, -31 and -33 was also used to assess multiple infections. Out of 321 women examined, 189 (58.8%) had normal cytology, 16 (5.0%) had ASCUS and 116 (36.1%) had cytological abnormalities. HPV-DNA was detected in 22 (11.6%), 6 (37.5%), and 104 (89.6%) normal cytology, ASCUS and cytological abnormalities respectively. HPV16 was the most prevalent genotype regardless of cytological status followed by HPV70 in women without lesions and HPV33 among those with lesions. HR-HPV prevalence varied significantly according to the cervical cytology (P = 0.000). Among women without lesions, two peaks of HPV infections were observed in age group less than 30 years (60.0%) and in age group 50-59 years (7.1%). Age, age of first sex, multiple sexual partners and pregnancies were the risk factors for HPV infection in women without lesions. Our findings could be used as evidence data base for future epidemiological monitoring in this region.

Prevalence and distribution of human papillomavirus genotypes among women with high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion and invasive cervical cancer in Ganzhou, China

“…Previous study has confirmed that HPV infection, especially hr‐HPV, is the main cause of cervical cancer . In addition, persistent HPV infection is related to the development of cervical cancer . However, there is a contrast between different countries and areas on the genotype distribution of HPV infection .…”

Distribution characteristics of different human papillomavirus genotypes in women in Wuhan, China

“…A number of previous studies have confirmed that HPV infection is a causal and necessary factor for cervical cancer, 3,27,28 and persistent HPV infections in particular are primarily associated with the development of this type of cancer in women. 5 A positive HPV DNA test result in women indicates a risk of developing cervical cancer. 22 This type of cancer is considered the second most common malignancy in women worldwide and represents 9.8% of all cancer in women.…”

“…Based on the association of HPV with cervical cancer or the risk of carcinogenesis, all HPV genotypes can be divided into different subgroups of mucosal HPVs: high‐risk types of HPVs (HR‐HPV), such as HPVs 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 68, 73, and 82, which are classified as carcinogenic to humans; low‐risk types of HPVs (LR‐HPV), such as HPVs 6, 11, 28, 32, 40, 42, 43, 44, 54, 55, 57, 61, 62, 71, 72, 74, 81, 83, 84, 86, 87, and 89; probable/possible HR‐HPVs (pHR‐HPV), such as HPVs 68, 26, 53, 66, 82, 70, 67, and 73 . The HR‐HPVs are the causes of approximately 5% of all cancers in humans and one‐third of all virus‐induced tumors .…”

“…3,4 According to a report of the International HPV Reference Center, the HPV family comprises 202 different genotypes. 5 HPVs preferentially infect the mucosa of the genitals, upper-respiratory tract, and the skin, 6 and they are recognized as important pathogenic factors of cervical cancer and precancerous lesions. 6,7 Based on the association of HPV with cervical cancer or the risk of carcinogenesis, all HPV genotypes can be divided into different subgroups of mucosal HPVs: high-risk types of HPVs (HR-HPV), such as HPVs 16,18,31,33,35,39,45,51,52,56,58,59,68,73,and 82, which are classified as carcinogenic to humans 5,8 ; low-risk types of HPVs (LR-HPV), such as HPVs 6,11,28,32,40,42,43,44,54,55,57,61,62,71,72,74,81,83,84,86,87, and 89; probable/possible HR-HPVs (pHR-HPV), such as HPVs 68, 26, 53, 66, 82, 70, 67, and 73.…”

Molecular analysis of human Papillomavirus detected among women positive for cervical lesions by visual inspection with acetic acid/Lugol’s iodine (VIA/VILI) in Libreville, Gabon

“…Viral persistence and progression towards cervical cancer may be enhanced in HPV16 variants, which may partly explain the difference in prevalence in some populations [29]. Previous studies in Gabon and in other Sub-Saharan African countries have shown the predominance of the African lineage in HSIL cases [12, 31–34]. However, our analysis of the nucleotide variation of all HPV16 sequences showed that 85.7 % of the sequences belonged to the African branch (Af1 and Af2) and 14.3 % to the European branch.…”