Human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16 and 18 in 66 women with histologically documented lesions of the genital tract and 64 control cohorts were investigated. The efficacies of in situ hybridization and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in detecting HPV 16 and 18 DNA were analyzed. In order to assess the usefulness of replacing biopsies with cervical scrapes, the two samples were compared by PCR. The prevalence rates of HPV infection by PCR were 59.1 and 10.9% in patients and controls, respectively. PCR was three times more sensitive than in situ hybridization (52.6 versus 17.8%). However, the need to improve PCR sensitivity by subsequent dot blot hybridization reduced one of the main advantages of PCR, i.e., expeditious diagnosis. Cervical scrapes were less sensitive than biopsies (13.6 versus 53%), although with four (6.1%) patients with intraepithelial neoplasias, HPV DNA was identified only by means of cervical scraping. We conclude that obtaining biopsy specimens and cervical scraping are complementary sampling procedures. Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are members of the Papovaviridae family and contain circular double-stranded DNA approximately 8 kb in length (2). The application of DNA hybridization techniques led to the characterization of distinct HPV types (15, 19). More than 66 different genotypes have been identified (45), and approximately 18 of them have been associated with neoplastic lesions of the anogenital mucosa and skin (26). The association of particular types with genital cancer is now well documented (18, 54). On this basis, HPVs have been categorized into low-risk (e.g., HPV 6 and 11) and high-risk (e.g., HPV 16, 18, 31, 33, and 35) virus types reflecting their oncogenic potential. HPV 6 and 11 frequently coexist with cervical condylomata and minor dysplasias (4), while HPV 16 and 18 have been found in high-grade premalignancies and invasive cancers (26, 41). Important differences in the physical states of HPV DNA have been demonstrated with benign and malignant lesions.