Human Papillomavirus Biology, Pathogenesis, and Potential for Drug Discovery: A Literature Review for HIV Nurse Clinical Scientists

Walhart, Tara

doi:10.1016/j.jana.2015.07.001

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Human papillomavirus is the most prevalent sexually transmitted genital infection in the world, with a lifetime risk of infection of around 75%, raising the question whether detection of HPV in a given case is causal or incidental. In women, the estimated global prevalence of HPV in the general population is 11.7%, compared to a prevalence of 12.4% in European men .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The possible role of human papillomavirus infection in the development of lichen sclerosus

Hald

Blaakær

2017

Int J Dermatology

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Lichen sclerosus (LS) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease of unknown origin predominantly affecting the anogenital area that causes pruritus and pain and is associated with an increased risk of malignancy. In some cases, LS vanishes after application of imiquimod, raising the question whether human papillomavirus (HPV) may have an etiopathogenic role in anogenital LS. The databases MEDLINE and Embase were systematically searched using the PRISMA guidelines. Twenty-seven papers were included that reported the prevalence of HPV in LS and in LS associated with neoplasia. HPV was identified in 0-80% (median 22%) of all LS cases. The prevalence of HPV was higher among male patients with LS (median 29%) than among female patients (median 8%). HPV16 was the most prevalent genotype, but the distribution of genotypes indicates that even low-risk HPV can cause LS. The diverging detection rates are probably due to small sample sizes in the reviewed papers and different detection methods. Factors possibly underestimating the prevalence of HPV are a selective search for high-risk HPV, DNA destruction in fixed tissue, focally residing HPV, and possibly a clearing of HPV before the time of biopsy. Seventy-five percent of sexually active people acquire HPV during their lifetime, thus HPV alone is not a cause of LS. Genetic and immunological host factors and viral factors other than type are likely to contribute. Future studies should include patients with a short duration of symptoms, and biopsies should be multiple and fresh.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The possible role of human papillomavirus infection in the development of lichen sclerosus

Hald

Blaakær

2017

Int J Dermatology

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“…Cervical and other anogenital cancers are typically associated with infection by a subset of human papillomaviruses (HPVs). The ‘high-risk’ oncogenic HPV genotypes 16 and 18 are responsible for about 70% of all cervical cancer cases worldwide and approximately 50% of the cervical cancers are caused by HPV16 [2] , [3] . Prevention of infection by high-risk oncogenic HPVs (HPV16 and 18) has been effective (~95%) with the development of virus-like particle-based vaccines [4] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Murine HPV16 E7-expressing transgenic skin effectively emulates the cellular and molecular features of human high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions

Tuong

Noske

Kuo

et al. 2018

Papillomavirus Research

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Currently available vaccines prevent HPV infection and development of HPV-associated malignancies, but do not cure existing HPV infections and dysplastic lesions. Persistence of infection(s) in immunocompetent patients may reflect induction of local immunosuppressive mechanisms by HPV, providing a target for therapeutic intervention. We have proposed that a mouse, expressing HPV16 E7 oncoprotein under a Keratin 14 promoter (K14E7 mice), and which develops epithelial hyperplasia, may assist with understanding local immune suppression mechanisms that support persistence of HPV oncogene-induced epithelial hyperplasia. K14E7 skin grafts recruit immune cells from immunocompetent hosts, but consistently fail to be rejected. Here, we review the literature on HPV-associated local immunoregulation, and compare the findings with published observations on the K14E7 transgenic murine model, including comparison of the transcriptome of human HPV-infected pre-malignancies with that of murine K14E7 transgenic skin. We argue from the similarity of i) the literature findings and ii) the transcriptome profiles that murine K14E7 transgenic skin recapitulates the cellular and secreted protein profiles of high-grade HPV-associated lesions in human subjects. We propose that the K14E7 mouse may be an appropriate model to further study the immunoregulatory effects of HPV E7 expression, and can facilitate development and testing of therapeutic vaccines.

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“…HPVs are epitheliotropic, double-stranded DNA viruses that infect basal keratinocytes (KCs) on surface epithelia of skin and mucosal membranes. Cervical and other anogenital cancers account for ~5% of the global cancer burden [1] , [2] and are associated with infection of ‘high-risk’ HPVs; mainly HPV16 and HPV18. Together, HPV16 and 18 are responsible for ~70% of all cervical cancer cases worldwide, and approximately ~60% of oropharyngeal cancers are associated with HPV16 [2] , [3] , [4] , [5] , [6] , [7] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modulation of antigen presenting cell functions during chronic HPV infection

Bashaw

Leggatt

Chandra

et al. 2017

Papillomavirus Research

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High-risk human papillomaviruses (HR-HPV) infect basal keratinocytes, where in some individuals they evade host immune responses and persist. Persistent HR-HPV infection of the cervix causes precancerous neoplasia that can eventuate in cervical cancer. Dendritic cells (DCs) are efficient in priming/cross-priming antigen-specific T cells and generating antiviral and antitumor cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. However, HR-HPV have adopted various immunosuppressive strategies, with modulation of DC function crucial to escape from the host adaptive immune response. HPV E6 and E7 oncoproteins alter recruitment and localization of epidermal DCs, while soluble regulatory factors derived from HPV-induced hyperplastic epithelium change DC development and influence initiation of specific cellular immune responses. This review focuses on current evidence for HR-HPV manipulation of antigen presentation in dendritic cells and escape from host immunity.

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Human Papillomavirus Biology, Pathogenesis, and Potential for Drug Discovery: A Literature Review for HIV Nurse Clinical Scientists

Cited by 6 publications

References 35 publications

The possible role of human papillomavirus infection in the development of lichen sclerosus

The possible role of human papillomavirus infection in the development of lichen sclerosus

Murine HPV16 E7-expressing transgenic skin effectively emulates the cellular and molecular features of human high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions

Modulation of antigen presenting cell functions during chronic HPV infection

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