Human papillomavirus and Its Association with Other Sexually Transmitted Coinfection among Sexually Active Women from the Northeast of Brazil

Abstract

Objective. To verify the association between HPV infection and the presence of coinfections (Chlamydia trachomatis, Trichomonas vaginalis, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae) in women in the state of Maranhão. Methods. HPV-DNA detection was performed by the nested PCR, using the primers PGMY09/11 and GP + 5/GP + 6. For the identification of sexually transmitted agents, conventional PCR was performed using the following primers: KL1/KL2 (Chlamydia trachomatis), TVA5/TVA6 (Trichomonas vaginalis), and HO1/HO3 (Neisseria gonorrhoeae). DNA-HPV positive samples were subjected to automated sequencing for genotyping. Results. Among the 353 women evaluated, 204 (57.8%) had HPV-DNA, of which 140 (68.6%) exhibited HPV/STIs, while 64 (31.4%) had the only HPV. T. vaginalis infection showed a positive association with HPV ( p = 0.003 ). Women without cervical lesions were predominant (327/92.6%); however, the largest number of lesions was reported in women who had HPV/coinfections (18/8.8%). Multiple regression analysis showed that both HPV only and the concomitant presence of HPV/STI were able to indicate the occurrence of epithelial lesions (R = 0.164; R2 = 0.027). Conclusion. The findings suggest that the presence of T. vaginalis can contribute to HPV infection, and HPV/IST association may influence the development of cervical intraepithelial lesions that are precursors of cervical cancer.

Trichomonas vaginalis infection is associated with increased risk of cervical carcinogenesis: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of 470 000 patients

“…Twenty‐four studies including 7291 women in the T. vaginalis ‐infected group and 452 161 in the control group reported an association between T. vaginalis and HPV infections 14,16,17,34–54 . Our results showed that T. vaginalis ‐positive women were 1.79 times more likely to be diagnosed with an HPV co‐infection (95% CI 1.27–2.53; I 2 95%; Figure 2) compared with T. vaginalis ‐negative women.…”

Bacterial-Viral Interactions in Human Orodigestive and Female Genital Tract Cancers: A Summary of Epidemiologic and Laboratory Evidence

“…In this article, we discuss first four bacterial pathogens. Co-infection/co-presence of these bacteria with HPV or high-risk HPV has been reported in a number of publications using either DNA-based tests or serology, but their significant statistical interaction has not necessarily been documented [ 215 , 216 , 217 , 218 , 219 , 220 , 221 , 222 , 223 ]. The association with syphilis/ Treponema pallidum is generally weak and non-significant [ 216 , 217 ], without evidence of specific bacterial virulence factors that are involved in oncogenesis, and thus likely to reflect a shared risk factor strongly associated with promiscuity.…”

“…The association between NG and high-risk HPV infection has been less consistent, but some reports suggest that NG increases moderately the risk of abnormal cervical cytology or HGSIL independently, or in conjunction with, HPV infection [ 218 , 219 ]. NG infection has been shown to induce DNA double strand breaks in human non-tumour vaginal cells transfected with HPV E6/E7.…”

Knowledge of Human Papillomavirus and Cervical Cancer among Women Attending Gynecology Clinics in Pretoria, South Africa

“…Worldwide, human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in both men and women [ 6 ]. HPVs are stratified according to their oncogenic potential, hence high-risk (hr) HPVs include the genotypes that cause malignancy, and low-risk (lr) HPVs include those genotypes that cause common, flat plane and anogenital warts [ 7 ].…”