Human papillomavirus 16 variants and their association with cervical lesion in multiple infections

Abstract

449of HBV vaccination. These were more likely to be vaccinated compared to those who had not been sensitized (p < 0,001).Conclusion: There is a high rate of accidental exposure to blood and a very low HBV vaccination uptake among medical students in Cameroon, leading to a high occupational risk of HBV infection. HBV vaccination should be strongly recommended for medical students and the vaccine made available free of charge at the beginning of their training http://dx. Background:Filoviruses are negative sense RNA viruses that are highly pathogenic in both humans and non-human primates. They have a mortality rate of up to 90% and study of infectious virus requires BSL-4 containment. We have performed experiments to show that filoviruses are highly mutable and have mutation rates similar to other negative sense RNA viruses. Consequently, at the sequence level, filoviruses appear to exist as populations of highly related but not identical variant populations. Methods & Materials:To ask if the mutability resulted in genotypic and phenotypic changes following growth in cell culture, we serially passaged Ebola virus, Sudan virus, and Marburg virus from passage 2 through 18 in Vero E6 cells. At each passage viruses were subjected to deep sequencing to determine consensus sequence changes in addition to changes in minor populations.Results: Interestingly, the pattern of the observed changes was different for each of the viruses. In parallel, experiments were performed to investigate the effects of passages on growth kinetics and plaque morphology. Overall, we have observed changes in genome sequences during passages and it is likely that these changes can be correlated to phenotype and function.Conclusion: Our data suggest that filoviruses can rapidly adapt to new selection pressures. This could have major implications for future filovirus research on emergence, virulence, drug-resistance, and vaccine development.http://dx.