Human Monkeypox Outbreak Caused by Novel Virus Belonging to Congo Basin Clade, Sudan, 2005

Formenty, Pierre; Muntasir, Mohammed O.; Damon, Inger K.; Chowdhary, Vipul; Opoka, Martin L.; Monimart, Charlotte; Mutasim, Elmangory M.; Manuguerra, Jean-Claude; Davidson, Whitni; Karem, Kevin L.; Cabeza, Jeanne; Wang, Sharlenna; Malik, Mamunur Rahman; Durand, Thierry; Khalid, Abdalhalim; Rioton, Thomas; Kuong-Ruay, Andrea; Babiker, Alimagboul A.; Karsani, Mubarak E. M.; Abdalla, Magdi S.

doi:10.3201/eid1610.100713

Cited by 164 publications

(179 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Although Formenty et al (2010) pointed out that possible reservoirs of the virus (e.g., Cricetomys spp., Heliosciurus spp.) are present in the region, our study shows that the Sudan isolates occur under an entirely distinct environmental regime, indicating the need for a much more detailed understanding of the ecology of the virus in this new region.…”

Section: Comparison With Previous Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This result is particularly striking because our occurrence data set included records from across West and Central Africa, thereby covering an impressive diversity of environments in which monkeypox virus has infected humans. Formenty et al (2010) discussed a set of explanations for the presence of monkeypox virus in Sudan, most prominently the possibility of endemic Sudan monkeypox versus importation from adjacent sectors of the DRC. The 2005 Sudanese strain is nestled phylogenetically among isolates from the Congo .…”

Section: Comparison With Previous Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Ecology and Geography of Human Monkeypox Case Occurrences Across Africa

Ellis¹,

Carroll²,

Lash³

et al. 2012

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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ABSTRACT:As ecologic niche modeling (ENM) evolves as a tool in spatial epidemiology and public health, selection of the most appropriate and informative environmental data sets becomes increasingly important. Here, we build on a previous ENM analysis of the potential distribution of human monkeypox in Africa by refining georeferencing criteria and using more-diverse environmental data to identify environmental parameters contributing to monkeypox distributional ecology. Significant environmental variables include annual precipitation, several temperature-related variables, primary productivity, evapotranspiration, soil moisture, and pH. The potential distribution identified with this set of variables was broader than that identified in previous analyses but does not include areas recently found to hold monkeypox in southern Sudan. Our results emphasize the importance of selecting the most appropriate and informative environmental data sets for ENM analyses in pathogen transmission mapping.

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Section: Comparison With Previous Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Comparison With Previous Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecology and Geography of Human Monkeypox Case Occurrences Across Africa

Ellis¹,

Carroll²,

Lash³

et al. 2012

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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“…Previous studies have documented human-to-human transmission within both families and health facilities [4][5][6] ; however, little information is available about the specific interactions that lead to the transmission of the virus. If specific behaviors were identified, educational programs could be designed to reduce these behaviors and decrease the rate of MPX infection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Introduction of Monkeypox into a Community and Household: Risk Factors and Zoonotic Reservoirs in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Nolen¹,

Osadebe²,

Katomba³

et al. 2015

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

150

161

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Abstract. An increased incidence of monkeypox (MPX) infections in the Democratic Republic of the Congo was noted by the regional surveillance system in October 2013. Little information exists regarding how MPX is introduced into the community and the factors associated with transmission within the household. Sixty-eight wild animals were collected and tested for Orthopoxvirus. Two of three rope squirrels (Funisciurus sp.) were positive for antibodies to Orthopoxviruses; however, no increased risk was associated with the consumption or preparation of rope squirrels. A retrospective cohort investigation and a case-control investigation were performed to identify risk factors affecting the introduction of monkeypox virus (MPXV) into the community and transmission within the home. School-age males were the individuals most frequently identified as the first person infected in the household and were the group most frequently affected overall. Risk factors of acquiring MPXV in a household included sleeping in the same room or bed, or using the same plate or cup as the primary case. There was no significant risk associated with eating or processing of wild animals. Activities associated with an increased risk of MPXV transmission all have potential for virus exposure to the mucosa.

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“…In Africa, human monkeypox cases have been reported in rural regions of the Congo Basin and West Africa close to tropical rainforests. The majority of human monkeypox cases have been reported in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) (Rimoin et al, 2010), while outbreaks have also been reported in the Republic of the Congo and in Sudan, both of which neighbour DRC (Formenty et al, 2010;Learned et al, 2005). The natural cycle of MPXV infection in wild animals and the exact reservoir of the virus are currently unknown.…”

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confidence: 99%

Orthopoxvirus infection among wildlife in Zambia

Orba

Sasaki

Yamaguchi

et al. 2015

Journal of General Virology

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Human monkeypox is a viral zoonosis caused by monkeypox virus, an orthopoxvirus (OPXV). The majority of human monkeypox cases have been reported in moist forested regions in West and Central Africa, particularly in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). In this study we investigated zoonotic OPXV infection among wild animals in Zambia, which shares a border with DRC, to assess the geographical distribution of OPXV. We screened for OPXV antibodies in sera from non-human primates (NHPs), rodents and shrews by ELISA, and performed real-time PCR to detect OPXV DNA in spleen samples. Serological analysis indicated that 38 of 259 (14.7 %) rodents, 14 of 42 (33.3 %) shrews and 4 of 188 (2.1 %) NHPs had antibodies against OPXV. The OPXV DNA could not be detected in spleens from any animals tested. Our results indicated that wild animals living in rural human habitation areas of Zambia have been infected with OPXV.

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Human Monkeypox Outbreak Caused by Novel Virus Belonging to Congo Basin Clade, Sudan, 2005

Abstract: TOC Summary: This virus should be considered endemic to the wetland areas of Bentiu, Unity State, Sudan.

Cited by 164 publications

References 17 publications

Ecology and Geography of Human Monkeypox Case Occurrences Across Africa

Ecology and Geography of Human Monkeypox Case Occurrences Across Africa

Introduction of Monkeypox into a Community and Household: Risk Factors and Zoonotic Reservoirs in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Orthopoxvirus infection among wildlife in Zambia

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