Human Monkeypox

Petersen, Eskild; Kantele, Anu; Koopmans, Marion; Asogun, Danny; Yinka-Ogunleye, Adesola; Ihekweazu, Chikwe; Zumla, Alimuddin

doi:10.1016/j.idc.2019.03.001

Cited by 497 publications

(392 citation statements)

References 65 publications

(91 reference statements)

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“…According to the World Health Organization, it is commonly found in young persons under the age of 40 or 50 years (varies with country) due to cessation of smallpox vaccination following the eradication of the disease in 1980. Report reveals that most monkeypox cases occur in population under the age of 40 with a median age of 31 years [18]. Asides from the age distribution, the gender distribution of the disease has also been studied.…”

Section: Review Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The largest reservoirs of the virus are rodents, squirrels and giant pouched rats which serve as a source of nutrition in some parts of the world [18]. The disease is primarily transmitted by direct contact with infected reservoir animals.…”

Section: Review Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The incidence of human infection of monkeypox is hinged on certain risk factors. The most important factor is the discontinuation of smallpox vaccination campaign which has resulted in waning cross-protective immunity [18]. This has made the younger age group the most susceptible to the infection.…”

Section: Review Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Monkeypox: A Neglected Viral Zoonotic Disease

Oladoye

2021

EUROPEAN J MED ED TE

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Over the years, the nations of the world have been plagued with several infectious diseases outbreak. With the continuous rise in the number of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases such as monkeypox, it is high time we drew lessons and insights from past outbreaks to guide and effectively prepare for possible future outbreaks. Monkeypox, popularly known as the most important orthopoxvirus infection, is a viral zoonotic disease prevalent in Central and West Africa. There are 2 known genetic clades of the monkeypox virus reported so far, the Western African and the Central African clades. The human monkeypox though originated from Africa has grown to be a global concern with cases reported in the United States, United Kingdom, Israel, and Singapore. It is distinctively characterized by lymphadenopathy and systemic rash symptoms. Monkeypox has a low fatality rate (0-11%) with the highest rates occurring in children and young persons who were not part of the smallpox vaccinated population. Report suggests that consumption of bush meats could be a potential risk factor in the transmission of the infection or caring for an infected patient. Several factors have been responsible for the weak surveillance system of monkeypox including the current COVID-19 pandemic that has put more pressure on the fragile healthcare systems and infrastructures of most countries. This paper aims to guide global health policymakers on the impending danger of neglecting this disease. The discourse is concluded with the recommendation of strategies to effectively strengthen the disease surveillance system in combating this public health threat.

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Section: Review Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Review Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Monkeypox: A Neglected Viral Zoonotic Disease

Oladoye

2021

EUROPEAN J MED ED TE

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“…Vector-borne infections are also affected by climate change. Large-scale outbreaks were first described for Monkeypox virus in central Africa in the 1970s [117], while outbreaks of mosquitoborne Chikungunya virus [85] and Dengue virus infections in the Indian Ocean islands were seen mostly in the twentyfirst century [124]. The historic Ebola outbreak in West Africa in 2013-2014, followed by a more recent one in the Republic of Congo with 1891 fatalities [37], has attracted extensive media attention.…”

Section: Public Health Relevancementioning

confidence: 99%

Antivirals in medical biodefense

et al. 2020

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The viruses historically implicated or currently considered as candidates for misuse in bioterrorist events are poxviruses, filoviruses, bunyaviruses, orthomyxoviruses, paramyxoviruses and a number of arboviruses causing encephalitis, including alpha-and flaviviruses. All these viruses are of concern for public health services when they occur in natural outbreaks or emerge in unvaccinated populations. Recent events and intelligence reports point to a growing risk of dangerous biological agents being used for nefarious purposes. Public health responses effective in natural outbreaks of infectious disease may not be sufficient to deal with the severe consequences of a deliberate release of such agents. One important aspect of countermeasures against viral biothreat agents are the antiviral treatment options available for use in post-exposure prophylaxis. These issues were adressed by the organizers of the 16th Medical Biodefense Conference, held in Munich in 2018, in a special session on the development of drugs to treat infections with viruses currently perceived as a threat to societies or associated with a potential for misuse as biothreat agents. This review will outline the state-of-the-art methods in antivirals research discussed and provide an overview of antiviral compounds in the pipeline that are already approved for use or still under development.Publisher's Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

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“…They multiply and produce viremia in the vertebrates, multiply in the tissues of arthropods, and are passed on to new vertebrates by the bites of arthropods after a period of extrinsic incubation. Research on emerging infectious diseases needs to be identified as a priority in Africa (Petersen et al, 2019;Chemaitelly et al, 2019).…”

Section: Dangerous Viruses In Africamentioning

confidence: 99%

General Introduction to Volume 1 Emergent and Reemergent Viruses: Modern Important Issues

Ennaji

2020

Emerging and Reemerging Viral Pathogens

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Human Monkeypox

Cited by 497 publications

References 65 publications

Monkeypox: A Neglected Viral Zoonotic Disease

Monkeypox: A Neglected Viral Zoonotic Disease

Antivirals in medical biodefense

General Introduction to Volume 1 Emergent and Reemergent Viruses: Modern Important Issues

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