Human Milk Processing and Its Effect on Protein and Leptin Concentrations

Binder, Christoph J.; Baumgartner‐Parzer, Sabina; Gard, Liliana-Imi; Berger, Angelika; Thajer, Alexandra

doi:10.3390/nu15020347

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…These results suggest that other factors may influence the calcium content of BM. The total protein level of BM was not affected by HoP in our present study, in agreement with previous reports [23,46,47].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

The Effect of Holder Pasteurization and Different Variants on Breast Milk Antioxidants

Vass,

Mikó,

Gál

et al. 2023

Antioxidants

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Background: After birth, breast milk (BM) is a known essential source of antioxidants for infants. We analyzed the non-enzymatic total antioxidant capacity (TAC), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), and glutathione, calcium, transferrin, and total protein levels of human breast milk before and after Holder pasteurization (HoP). Methods: The collected donor BM samples were pasteurized with HoP. Results: HoP decreased TAC (−12.6%), ORAC (−12.1%), transferrin (−98.3%), and total protein (−21.4%) levels; HoP did not influence the glutathione concentration, and it increased the total calcium (+25.5%) concentration. Mothers who gave birth via Cesarean section had significantly lower TAC in their BM. TAC and glutathione levels were elevated in the BM of mothers over the age of 30. BM produced in the summer had higher glutathione and calcium levels compared to BM produced in the winter. The glutathione concentration in term milk samples was significantly higher in the first two months of lactation compared to the period between the third and sixth months. The transferrin level of BM for female infants was significantly higher than the BM for boys, and mothers with a BMI above 30 had increased transferrin in their samples. Conclusions: Antioxidant levels in human milk are influenced by numerous factors. Environmental and maternal factors, the postpartum age at breast milk collection, and Holder pasteurization of the milk influence the antioxidant intake of the infant.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

The Effect of Holder Pasteurization and Different Variants on Breast Milk Antioxidants

Vass,

Mikó,

Gál

et al. 2023

Antioxidants

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“…This study is a secondary analysis of a trial evaluating different types of HM processing and the impact on HM composition (EC: 2022/2015, [ 35 ]). We gathered 150 mL HM from each mother; all HM samples were obtained from mothers with sufficient lactation.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal Diet Influences Human Milk Protein Concentration and Adipose Tissue Marker

et al. 2023

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(1) Background: Adequate protein intake plays an essential role in growth and neurodevelopment, especially in preterm infants. We investigated the effects of maternal diet and body mass index (BMI) on human milk (HM) composition. (2) Methods: HM samples were obtained from 136 lactating mothers (BMI: 18.0–36.7 kg/m2), of which 93% gave birth to preterm infants. Macronutrient content in HM was measured by mid-infrared transmission spectroscopy. Leptin and adiponectin were analyzed using appropriate ELISAs. Maternal diet was determined by 24-h recall. (3) Results: Significant positive associations were found between protein, fat, carbohydrate and energy intake, and levels of corresponding macronutrients in HM, especially in protein concentrations (p < 0.001). An increased protein intake was positively correlated with adiponectin (p < 0.001) and leptin (p = 0.035) in HM. Maternal BMI was positively associated with a higher protein level in HM (p < 0.05), as well as with a higher dietary protein intake (p < 0.05). (4) Conclusions: Knowledge of maternal diet and BMI impacting HM composition is essential to optimize the feeding of newborn infants. This is especially relevant in the nutritional management of preterm infants; it can be utilized in approaches to improve growth rates and the appropriate development of infants and to prevent obesity.

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“…Many hospitals and reporting agencies group all types of human milk (direct-at-breast, freshly pumped, refrigerated, frozen, pasteurized own parent's milk, pasteurized donor human milk), making it difficult to fully understand how the type of human milk feeding impacts infant health. In our pursuit of further understanding of the importance of fresh parent's own milk, an additional challenge persists with the definition of fresh milk ranging from within three hours of pumping and left at room temperature [41] to any type of pumped milk within 48 h stored in the refrigerator [42].…”

Section: Potential Benefits Of Fresh Parent's Own Milk To Infant Heal...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Fresh Parent’s Own Milk for Preterm Infants: Barriers and Future Opportunities

Briere,

Gomez

2024

Nutrients

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While direct at-the-breast feeding is biologically optimal, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) admission due to infant immaturity or illness often necessitates the expression and storage of parent’s milk. The provision of freshly expressed (never stored) parent’s own milk to preterm infants is not widely prioritized, and this article provides an exploration of NICU practices and their implications for feeding premature or ill infants with parent’s own milk. In this article, we discuss the potential biological benefits of fresh parent’s own milk, highlighting its dynamic components and the changes incurred during storage. Research suggests that fresh milk may offer health advantages over stored milk. The authors advocate for further research, emphasizing the need for standardized definitions. Research is needed on the biological impact of fresh milk, both short- and long-term, as well as defining and understanding healthcare economics when using fresh milk.

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Human Milk Processing and Its Effect on Protein and Leptin Concentrations

Cited by 8 publications

References 69 publications

The Effect of Holder Pasteurization and Different Variants on Breast Milk Antioxidants

The Effect of Holder Pasteurization and Different Variants on Breast Milk Antioxidants

Maternal Diet Influences Human Milk Protein Concentration and Adipose Tissue Marker

Fresh Parent’s Own Milk for Preterm Infants: Barriers and Future Opportunities

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